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Flashcards in Test 1 Review Questions Deck (44)
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0
Q

what is an element

A

a substance that cannot be converted to simpler substance by ordinary chemical reactions

1
Q

What components make up an atom?

A

nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons

2
Q

In what way do atoms differ from one another?

A

They have a different number of protons

3
Q

How do protons and electrons relate to the chemical properties of atoms and molecules?

A

The protons determine what the atom is

it has the same number of electrons as it does protons

4
Q

What is an ion?

A

an electrically charged particle

5
Q

Why do ions form?

A

form when an atom gains or loses one or more elctrons

6
Q

What happens when ions dissolve in water?

A

Their bonds are broken

7
Q

What are the four categories of biologically important molecules?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Polymers
Macromolecules

8
Q

What elements are important for each category?

A

Carbohydrates - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Lipids - carbon and hydrogen

9
Q

What are the basic functions for each category

A

Carbohydrates - store energy in chemical bonds
Lipids - long term energy storage
Polymers - single units, most biologically important molecules
Macromolecules - all ⬆️

10
Q

What are some reasons simple molecules are formed into polymers

A

It makes them more complex

11
Q

How are triglycerides composed

A

composed of 3 fatty acids

12
Q

How are triglycerides and phospholipds similar and different

A

They both have fatty acids

Tri have three

Phospholipids have a phosphate group instead of glycerol

13
Q

What does it mean to say glucose contains energy?

A

Contains bonds that can be broken to create energy

14
Q

How is energy Released?

A

exergonic reactions

15
Q

Three components of a nucleotode

A

phosphate
5-C sugar
Base

16
Q

How are nucleotides joined together in a polymer

A

condensation reaction

17
Q

Which nucleotide polymer is double stranded

A

DNA

18
Q

Which nucleotides are complemetary

Why

A

A-T/U
G-C
A and G are Purines
and T, C and U are Pyrimidines

19
Q

What are the three types of RNA

A

mRNA (messenger)
tRNA (transfer)
rRNA (ribosomal)

20
Q

What are the components of all amino acids

A
Amino group
Carboxyl group
R side chain
Hydrogen 
Carbon
21
Q

Why is the similarity of amino acids important for the formation of peptide linkages

A

The amino acid and the Carboxyl group react together

22
Q

What kind of bonds holds together protein structures?

A

Primary- peptide bonds

Secondary and tertiary - Hydrogen bonds

23
Q

Why is protein shape so important?

A

Shape affects function

24
Q

What effects do enzymes have on the energy barrier and reaction rate?

A

Enzymes make things happen faster

It lowers the energy barrier

25
Q

What does it mean to denature a protein?

A

change it’s shape

it will no longer work

26
Q

What factors cause a protein to denature?

A

Heat, alterations in concentration of H+ and high concentrations of polar substances

27
Q

How do feedback loops allow cells to control their chemical processes?

A

They tell the cell if it needs more and should continue to make what it’s making or if it should stop

28
Q

How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ?

A

Prokaryotes - no nucleus or membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotes- have a nucleus

29
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archea
Bacteria
Eukarya

30
Q

What domain contains all multicellular life?

A

Eukaryotes

31
Q

What does it mean for organelles to be membrane bound? How does it contribute to cell organization

A

It keeps things separate

32
Q

What molecule forms the basis for biological membranes?

A

Phospholipids

33
Q

What types of molecules are embedded in a membrane or attached to membranes

A

Carbohydrates

Proteins

34
Q

What biological process depend on their membranes for their function and why?

A

Mitochondrion and chloroplast

35
Q

How do membranes maintain differences between the space inside the membrane and the space outside?

A

the are selectively permeable

36
Q

How can molecules cross membranes?

A

if the match the protein and and move through it

37
Q

What does it mean to be gradient?

A

difference across the membrane

38
Q

How do gradients relate to diffusion, osmosis, and active and passive transport

A

molecules move to where the concentration is lower to even it out.

39
Q

What is meant by signal transduction pathway?

A

short and long term resononses

40
Q

What starts the pathway?

A

a signal molecule connects with the recptor

41
Q

What are the steps in the pathway

A

involves enzymes and proteins

42
Q

What ends the pathway?

A

a cellular response

43
Q

How do the steps along the way pass on the signal?

A

phosphorylation transmits the signal to thenext enzyme

kinase phophorylates the other molecules