Test 2 Flashcards by Ashley Ossenfort

Invention

words created from no existing morphemes or phonestheme

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Compounding words

words formed by the joining of two or more free morphemes into a single word

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Derivation

forming of new words by combining derivational affixes or bound bases with existing words

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blending (portmanteau words)

combining two or more parts from two or more existing words

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Clip formations

elimination part of a word

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Backformation

forming a new word form an existing one, usually verb from a noun, nearly always changing the part of speech

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Echoism (onomatopoeia)

words in which the sounds suggest meaning

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Reduplication

word with repeating sounds or syllables

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Functional Shift

the use of the same word as more than one part of speech

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Antonomasia (commonization)

words derived from proper names

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Folk etymology (malapropism, Archie Bunker-ism)

using a word in an improper way because of association with a known word or situation, often creating a new word ex: Hearing a song and misunderstanding a word, mishearing something and then creating a new word.

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Generalization

giving a more general meaning to a narrow term ex: go- to go by any means of transportation when it once meant to walk, starve- now means to die of hunger, once meant to die

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Specialization

narrowing the meaning of a word

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Pejoration

giving a derogatory meaning to a word ex: fool used to mean court jester, and now it means idiot.

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Amelioration

a once uncomplimentary word now has a more positive meaning. ex: bomb: they dropped a bomb vs. you’re the bomb- wicked: evil vs. cool

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Euphemism

substitution of a more pleasant phrase for something unpleasant

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Trade Name

using the name of a particular product to refer to and item. ex: coke for soda, Kleenex for tissue, xerox for copy

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Phonesthemes

sound combinations that has come to have meaning, units of sound that seem to have meaning but are not true morphemes: fly, flip, flow; glisten, glow, glitter

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homogrpahs

words that look alike but have different sounds and meanings: wind a clock, the wind blows; write a resume, resume a project

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homophone

words that sound the same but have different meanings: two, to, too

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ad-

to, toward

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ab-

away from

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ante-

before

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anti-

against

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circum-

around

com-, co-

with, together

contra-

against

de-

down, from

dis-

apart from

hyper-

over

epi-

on, upon

ex-

out of, from

in-

into or not

mis-

wrong

non-

not

ob-

against

per-

through

pro-

forward

re-

back, again

sub-

under

trans-

across

post-

after

un-

not (negates)

pre-

before

inter-

between

intra-

within

an-

without

extra-

beyond

cata-

down

dia-

across

sur-

over

auto-

self

neo-

new

cap (cep,cip)

take, sieze

cid(cis)

cut, kill

dic

say,speak

duc

lead

fer,lat

bear, carry

fac (fec, fic)

do, make

mitt (miss)

send

pon, pos

place, put

port

carry

scrib (scrip)

write

spec

see

ten

hold

ten (tend, tens)

stretch

ven

come

vid (vis)

see

voc

call

sto (sta)

stand

plic, plex

fold, bend

graph

write

doc

teach

aud

hear

ago, eg, ac

do, act

ann, enn

year

pel

drive, force

tang, tac

touch

curr, curs

run

cur

care

moni

warn

ben, born

good

cad, cas

fall

ced, cess

go, yield

do, da

give

Inflectional Affixes

do not change the part of speech, they come at the end of a word (except for infixes), they do not pile up: They close a word.

noun plural

{-s, pl} ex: cats, boys, horses, mice, deer

noun singular possessive

{-'s} ex: boy's, cat's horse's, of the desk

noun plural possessive

{-s'} ex: boys', cats', horses', of the desks

third person singular present tense

{-s} ex: sees, eats, does, poses, is

simple past tense

{-d pt} ex: walked, drove, needed, sank, slept

past participle

{-d pp} ex: eaten, walked, driven, needed, sunk, slept

Present Participle

{-ing vb} ex: walking, drving, needing, sinking, sleeping (used to show progression)

comparative degree of adjectives and adverbs

slower, friendlier, more (less) beautiful

superlative degree of adjectives and adverbs

{-est sp} ex: slowest, friendliest, most beautiful

Derivational Affixes

all of the suffixes that are not inflectional These words to which these suffixes can be added are arbitrary (not all derivational suffixes can be added to a base) do not normally close out a word (that is, more than one can be added to a base

Morphology

The study of units of meaning

Morpheme

the smallest unit of meaning. Ex. "cow" (a free base) the prefix "un-" The suffix "'-'s"

Kinds of Morphemes

free and bound morphemes

Free Morpheme

a morpheme that can stand alone. Ex: Golf, girl, cow

Bound Morpheme

a morpheme that must be used with a prefix or suffix ex: "-er" in golfer

Base

the morpheme that carries the basic meaning of a word

Free Base

a base that does not have to have any other parts to complete it. ex: cow, girl

Bound Base

must have prefixes , suffixes, or both to complete it ex: the "ven" in venture "voc" in vocal

Three types of Affixes

prefixes, suffixes, and infixes

Prefix

come before the base they are attached to ex: unlikely, precursor, mistake

Suffix

follow the base they are attached to ex: vented, ability, sadism

Infixes

come within the base they are attached to ex: drive/ drove tooth/teeth woman/women mouse/mice

Full Morphemes

include nouns, verbs, adjective, and adverbs- content or context words.

Empty Morphemes

include articles, prepositions, conjunctions- function words (adds to other words)

Derivational Affixes

modify the dictionary meaning of a word to which they are added ex: adding "con-" to "vent" (meaning to come) gives us the word convent, a place where nuns live adding "-ation" to a base such as "voc-" or "sanc-" makes the word a noun: vocation, sanction

Inflectional Affixes

modify the word grammatically for person, number, gender, etc. They do not change the part of speech or the dictionary definition of a word. There are nine of these. -bush, bushes -Talk, talks, talked, talking -Poor, poorer, poorest

Allomorph

Insignificant variation of a morpheme

Homophones

spelled differently, but sound alike ex: too, two, to

Homographs

spelled alike, but do not sound alike ex: wind (breeze), wind (a clock)

Orlon

tradename/ invention

rickrack

reduplication, because of the rhyming sound

FEMA

acronomy

smog

blending

retroactive

derivation

terible dactyl

folk etomology

starve

specialization

xerox

trade name

pass on to one's great reward

euphenism

she wings her way on wings

functional shift

fool (n.)

pejoration

trade-in

compound

cop

acronomy for constonable on control/pejoration

X ray

invented (x doesn't stand for anything)

fizz

echoism

dissavow

deravational (prefix and suffix)

AWOl

acronomy

telecast

blend

fido

acronomy for freaks irregularities defect oddities

watt

commonization (from a person's name)

roach

clip

water makes my mouth water

functional shift

armchair

compound

liberated

derivation

write

back formation from writer

legalize

derivation

cafetorium

blend

antineutron

derivation

gym

clip

sandwich

commonization

scrunch

echoism/blend for crunch and squeeze

ice pie (for I Spy)

folk etomology

iffy

derivation

hodgepodge

reduplication

fottock

folk etimology for foot hook

gadabout

compound of gad and about

powder room

euphenism

manila envelope

trade name

phone

clip

overwrite

derviation

oxford

commonization

swelter

blend for sweating in the weltering sun

whoosh

echoism

zap

echoism

zit

invention

constable

derivation

hubbub

reduplication

ASAP

acronomy

reinvent

derivation

child**_ren_**

{-s pl}

Mrs. Horto_n's_

{ -s sg ps}

the class has studi**_ed_**

{-d pp}

bett**_er_**

{-er cp}

m**_ade_**

{-d pt}

grades

{-s pl}

r**_an_**

{-d pt}

scream**_ing_**

{-ing v}