Test 3: Sexual Reproduction

Question 1

Asexual reproduction

Answer 1

A method of reproduction where genetically identical clones are produced through a single parent without the involvement of gametes.

Question 2

Sexual reproduction

Answer 2

A method of reproduction involving the fusion of two haploid cells to form a genetically unique diploid organism, introducing variation into offspring.

Question 3

Meiosis

Answer 3

A type of cell division that produces haploid cells as part of the sexual reproductive cycle, reducing the chromosome number by half.

Question 4

Fertilization

Answer 4

The process of uniting two haploid cells to form a diploid zygote, restoring the diploid condition.

Question 5

Diploid

Answer 5

Organisms with two sets of chromosomes per somatic cell, where each chromosome type has two copies that are homologous to each other.

Question 6

Haploid

Answer 6

Cells containing one set of chromosomes, which is half the diploid number.

Question 7

Germ cells

Answer 7

Specialized diploid cells in animals that give rise to haploid gametes through meiosis.

Question 8

Alternation of generations

Answer 8

A life cycle in plants where multicellular haploid and diploid organisms alternate, such as in ferns.

Question 9

Gametes

Answer 9

Specialized cells involved in sexual reproduction, each containing one set of chromosomes.

Question 10

Sporophyte

Answer 10

The diploid multicellular plant in plants with alternation of generations, producing haploid spores through meiosis.

Question 11

Gametophyte

Answer 11

The haploid multicellular plant in plants with alternation of generations, producing gametes.

Question 12

Zygospore

Answer 12

The diploid cell formed by the fusion of specialized haploid cells in fungi, undergoing meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Question 13

Meiosis I

Answer 13

Separates homologous chromosomes into haploid daughter cells

Question 14

Interphase

Answer 14

Precedes meiosis, includes G1, S, G2 phases for cell growth and DNA replication

Question 15

Chromosome replication

Answer 15

Produces identical sister chromatids held at centromere until anaphase II

Question 16

Prophase I

Answer 16

Homologous chromosomes pair, undergo crossing over

Question 17

Crossing over

Answer 17

Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

Question 18

Chiasma

Answer 18

Visual evidence of crossing over events

Question 19

Prometaphase I

Answer 19

Spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of homologous chromosomes

Question 20

Metaphase I

Answer 20

Homologous chromosomes align at metaphase plate randomly

Question 21

Independent assortment

Answer 21

Random alignment of homologous chromosomes at metaphase plate

Question 22

Genetic recombination

Answer 22

Occurs during prophase I, introduces genetic variation

Question 23

Random fertilization

Answer 23

Contributes to unique gene combinations in offspring

Question 24

Haploid Cells

Answer 24

Result from the first meiotic division, containing one set of chromosomes

Question 25

Chiasmata

Answer 25

Break in anaphase I, where homologous chromosomes are pulled apart

Question 26

Telophase I

Answer 26

Stage where separated chromosomes reach opposite poles in meiosis I

Question 27

Cytokinesis

Answer 27

Physical separation of cytoplasmic components into daughter cells

Question 28

Interkinesis

Answer 28

Brief phase between meiosis I and II, lacking S phase

Question 29

Aneuploidy

Answer 29

Abnormal chromosome number, including monosomy or trisomy

Question 30

Euploid

Answer 30

Individual with a complete set of chromosomes

Question 31

Nondisjunction

Answer 31

Failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate

Question 32

Barr Body

Answer 32

Inactive X chromosome structure in females to compensate for double X dose

Question 33

Klinefelter Syndrome

Answer 33

Genetic disorder in males with XXY genotype, leading to infertility

Question 34

Turner Syndrome

Answer 34

Genetic disorder in females with X0 genotype, causing various symptoms

Question 35

Trisomy

Answer 35

Possessing an extra chromosome of a particular type

Question 36

Monosomy

Answer 36

Missing one chromosome of a particular type

Question 37

Autosome

Answer 37

Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome

Question 38

Synapsis

Answer 38

Pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis

Question 39

Triploid

Answer 39

Individual with three sets of chromosomes

Question 40

Tetraploid

Answer 40

Individual with four sets of chromosomes

Question 41

Trisomic

Answer 41

Individual with an extra chromosome of a particular type

Question 42

Monosomic

Answer 42

Individual missing one chromosome of a particular type

Question 43

Chromosome Number Abnormalities

Answer 43

Disorders caused by duplicating or losing entire chromosomes

Question 44

Meiosis and fertilization produce unique combinations of genetic material by three mechanisms

Answer 44

genetic recombination during prophase I, independent assortment during metaphase I, and random fertilization.

Question 45

Sexual genetic variation comes from

Answer 45

Crossover, independent assortment, random fertilization