Test 3: Transcription

Question 1

Central Dogma

Answer 1

The concept that DNA encodes RNA, and RNA encodes protein, describing the flow of genetic information in cells.

Question 2

Gene expression is the process of using information from a __ to produce a __ product, such as a protein.

Answer 2

gene; functional product

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

The process of copying DNA to mRNA

Question 4

Translation is the process where three __ correspond to one __ in the __ sequence during protein synthesis.

Answer 4

mRNA nucleotides; amino acid; polypeptide

Question 5

Promoter is a __ that indicates where __ begins __ a gene

Answer 5

DNA sequence; RNA polymerase; transcribing

Question 6

Template strand is the DNA strand that is used as a template for __ during __.

Answer 6

mRNA synthesis; transcription

Question 7

Transcription Bubble

Answer 7

The region where the DNA double helix unwinds during transcription to allow mRNA synthesis.

Question 8

What is the nucleotide difference between mRNA and DNA?

Answer 8

all of the T nucleotides are replaced with U nucleotides

Question 9

In an RNA double helix, A can bind with U by what bond?

Answer 9

2 hydrogen bonds, just like A-T

Question 10

The DNA of prokaryotes is organized into a

Answer 10

circular, double stranded, DNA chromosome

Question 11

Operons are blocks of __ in __ cells that are transcribed into a single __ and often encode __ with related functions.

Answer 11

genes; prokaryotic; mRNA; proteins

Question 12

Regulatory molecules in prokaryotic cells that can affect the expression of operons (3)

Answer 12

activators, inducers, repressors

Question 13

Repressors

Answer 13

Proteins that bind to operator regions and prevent transcription of a gene.

Question 14

Activators

Answer 14

Proteins that bind to an enhancer and increase the transcription of a gene in response to external stimuli.

Question 15

Inducers

Answer 15

Small molecules that activate or repress transcription based on the cell’s needs and substrate availability.

Question 16

Eukaryotic transcription is the process of transcribing__ in eukaryotes, involving multiple __ (shape)__and extensive __ processing before translation.

Answer 16

genes; linear chromosomes; mRNA

Question 17

Eukaryotes also employ three different polymerases that each transcribe a different subset of genes;

Answer 17

RNA polymerase I, II & III

Question 18

RNA Polymerase II is an __ located in the __ of eukaryotic cells that synthesizes all __ and __.

Answer 18

enzyme; nucleus; protein-coding; pre-mRNAs

Question 19

TATA Box

Answer 19

A DNA sequence in eukaryotic promoters

Question 20

Transcription Factors

Answer 20

Proteins that assist RNA polymerase bind to the promoter to initiate transcription in eukaryotic cells

Question 21

Types of transcription factors that regulate eukaryotic transcription(2);

Answer 21

General (or basal) transcription, specific transcription

Question 22

General (or basal) transcription factors

Answer 22

assist RNA polymerase by binding to the promotor

Question 23

Specific transcription regulate when and where __ is produced

Answer 23

mRNA

Question 24

Enhancers

Answer 24

Regions in eukaryotic genes that bind specific transcription factors and increase transcription.

Question 25

DNA Bending Proteins

Answer 25

Proteins that bend DNA to bring enhancer and promoter regions together

Question 26

Preinitiation complex is formed before__, involving __.

Answer 26

transcription starts; RNA polymerase

Question 27

Histones

Answer 27

protein molecules DNA is coiled around (in chromatin)

Question 28

Chromatin are __ and __ in __ cells when not dividing

Answer 28

DNA; proteins; eukaryotic

Question 29

Nucleosomes are __ complexes with 146 __ wound around eight __

Answer 29

DNA-histone; nucleotides; histones

Question 30

FACT Complex

Answer 30

Protein complex that moves histones during transcription

Question 31

Termination Signals

Answer 31

Signals for RNA polymerases I and III to end transcription

Question 32

The three most important steps of pre-mRNA processing are

Answer 32

the addition of stabilizing and signaling factors at the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, and the removal of the introns.

Question 33

Exons

Answer 33

Coding sequences in eukaryotic genes (ex-on:expressed)

Question 34

Introns

Answer 34

Noncoding sequences in eukaryotic genes, removed during processing (int-ron:intervening)

Question 35

Each intron is marked with specific nucleotides: GU at the __ end and AG at the __ end of the intron

Answer 35

5′; 3′

Question 36

5' cap is added to 5′ end of __ to __ and aid __.

Answer 36

pre-mRNA; protect; translation

Question 37

Poly-A Tail is a String of residues added to __ end of __ for__(2).

Answer 37

3′; pre-mRNA; stability and export

Question 38

Splicing

Answer 38

Process of removing introns and connecting exons in pre-mRNA

Question 39

Spliceosomes

Answer 39

Complexes of proteins and RNA that carry out splicing

Question 40

Transcription Main Steps

Answer 40

1. Initiation (transcription factors help mRNA to attach to the promoter) 2. Elongation (new RNA transcript strand is build longer) 3. Termination (RNA polymerase detaches when it gets to the end)

Question 41

5' & 3' UTR

Answer 41

Untranslated portion of the mRNA

Question 42

The non-template strand is identical to the __ except that __.

Answer 42

mRNA; T nucleotides in the DNA are replaced by U nucleotides in the mRNA

Question 43

the following are part of the primary transcript (pre-mRNA) before RNA processing

Answer 43

exon, intron, 5' & 3' UTR

Question 44

the following are NOT part of the primary transcript (pre-mRNA) before RNA processing

Answer 44

promotor, 5' cap, poly-A-tail

Question 45

RNA nucleotide composition (3)

Answer 45

PBS (phosphate group, ribose sugar and nitrogen containing base (either A, C, G, or U)

Question 46

If three bases are deleted from the coding region of a gene, what will happen? (select all that apply)

Answer 46

the reading frame after the deletion will not change; an amino acid will be missing from the polypeptide that is produced

Question 47

If three bases are inserted into the coding region of a gene, what will happen?

Answer 47

an extra amino acid will be added to the polypeptide that is produced; the reading frame after the insertion will not change

Question 48

If a mutation changes a gene sequence so that a codon in the mRNA changes from AAG to UAG (stop codon), what will happen?

Answer 48

the polypeptide will be terminated early; the mRNA will be the same length as the original mRNA

Question 49

Main molecule for DNA replication

Answer 49

DNA polymerase

Question 50

Main molecule in translation

Answer 50

Ribosomes

Question 51

Main molecule in transcription

Answer 51

RNA polymerase

Question 52

What is NOT found in mature mRNA after RNA processing is complete?

Answer 52

Everything is there BUT the intron and promoter