Unit 2: Lipids

Question 1

Lipids

Answer 1

Nonpolar compounds

Question 2

Types of lipids (5)

Answer 2

fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids

Question 3

Purpose of cell lipid (fat) storage

Answer 3

Long-term energy

Question 4

Lipids provide insulation from the environment for whom? (2)

Answer 4

plants and animals

Question 5

Types of lipid nonpolar bonds (2)

Answer 5

carbon-carbon or hydrocarbon bonds

Question 6

Two main components of a fat molecule

Answer 6

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 7

Glycerol Structure

Answer 7

three carbons, five hydrogens, and three hydroxyl groups

Question 8

Fatty Acid Structure

Answer 8

Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group; the tail

Question 9

Ester Bond

Answer 9

Bond formed between glycerol and fatty acids in fat molecules

Question 10

Saturated Fatty Acid

Answer 10

Fatty acid with single bonds between carbons, saturated to capacity with hydrogen

Question 11

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

Answer 11

Fatty acid with double bonds; liquid at room temperature

Question 12

Monounsaturated fat

Answer 12

one double bond in the fat molecule; olive oil

Question 13

Polyunsaturated fat

Answer 13

more than one double bond in a fat molecule; canola oil

Question 14

cis and trans indicate

Answer 14

the configuration of the fat molecule around the double bond

Question 15

cis Fat

Answer 15

hydrogens are in the same plane causing a “kink” that prevents fatty acids from packing tightly (liquid at room temperature)

Question 16

trans Fats

Answer 16

Artificially hydrogenated oils; cis- chemical structure is altered to create a solid fat at room temperature

Question 17

Phospholipids are major components of the

Answer 17

plasma membrane

Question 18

Phospholipid composition

Answer 18

glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate-linked head group

Question 19

Amphipathic

Answer 19

Molecule with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts, like phospholipids

Question 20

Micelle

Answer 20

Structure formed by phospholipids in water, with hydrophobic tails inside and hydrophilic heads outside

Question 21

Steroids are a type of __ with a __ structure and are ___ and __ in water.

Answer 21

Lipids; fused ring; hydrophobic; insoluble

Question 22

Steroids are classified as a fat due to their __,__ nature in water.

Answer 22

insoluble, hydrophobic

Question 23

Steroid structure

Answer 23

four-linked carbon rings and several have additional short tails or hydroxyl groups.

Question 24

Cholesterol

Answer 24

Most common steroid; necessary for body’s proper functioning

Question 25

Sterols

Answer 25

Cholesterol components of the plasma membrane that help keep the membrane fluid; found within the phospholipid bilayer.

Question 26

Cell Recognition

Answer 26

Process where cells identify each other via markers on the plasma membrane

Question 27

In the signal transduction process, protein receptors act both as __ receivers and as attachment sites for __ activators.

Answer 27

extracellular input receivers; intracellular processing

Question 28

Fluid Mosaic Model

Answer 28

Description of plasma membrane as a fluid structure with various components

Question 29

Principle components of a plasma membrane include (6)

Answer 29

cholesterol, carbohydrates, phospholipids, glycolipids, glycoproteins, proteins

Question 30

Glycoproteins

Answer 30

Proteins with attached carbohydrates on the plasma membrane surface

Question 31

Glycolipids

Answer 31

Lipids with attached carbohydrates on the plasma membrane surface

Question 32

Integral Proteins

Answer 32

Proteins fully embedded in the plasma membrane structure

Question 33

Transmembrane Proteins

Answer 33

Integral proteins extending through the membrane on both sides

Question 34

Single-Pass Transmembrane Proteins

Answer 34

Proteins with a hydrophobic segment spanning the membrane once

Question 35

Carbohydrate chains are bound to ____ or____ on the cell surface.

Answer 35

proteins or lipids

Question 36

Carbohydrate and proteins for specialized sites on the cell surface aiding in

Answer 36

cell recognition

Question 37

Glycocalyx

Answer 37

Sugar coating of glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell's exterior

Question 38

Role of glycocalyx (3)

Answer 38

cell & self identification, embryonic development, cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.

Question 39

Van der Waals Interactions

Answer 39

Weak attractions between non-polar molecules (lipid tails), aiding membrane rigidity

Question 40

Endomembrane system is a group of __ in eukaryotic cells that work together to __(3) lipids and __.

Answer 40

membranes and organelles; modify, package, and transport; proteins

Question 41

Functions of the endomembrane system (7)

Answer 41

package, transport, and modify lipids and proteins, digest macromolecules, store calcium ions, detoxify poisons, destroy pathogens

Question 42

Endomembrane system contents (6)

Answer 42

Plasma membrane, nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

Question 43

The endomembrane system does not include (3)

Answer 43

ribosomes, mitochondria or chloroplast membranes

Question 44

Nuclear envelope

Answer 44

A double-membrane structure surrounding the nucleus, with pores for regulating molecular passage

Question 45

The nuclear envelope controls the passage of __ (3) between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

Answer 45

ions, molecules, and RNA

Question 46

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 46

A network of membranous sacs and tubules involved in protein modification and lipid synthesis

Question 47

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 47

Smooth & rough ER

Question 48

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)

Answer 48

Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface, involved in modifying proteins and synthesizing phospholipids.

Question 49

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum (S-ER) is the ER __ ribosomes on its cytoplasmic surface. Involved in synthesizing __(3). Detoxify __ and store__.

Answer 49

Without; steroid hormones, phospholipids and carbs; poisons; calcium ions

Question 50

Golgi apparatus

Answer 50

A series of flattened membranous sacs that sort, tag, package, and distribute lipids and proteins

Question 51

The functions of the Golgi apparatus are to package __ into transport vesicles, __ proteins and lipids, tag __ with __ and ___.

Answer 51

proteins; modify; proteins and lipids; phosphate groups or other small molecules.

Question 52

Lysosomes are organelles containing hydrolytic enzymes to; (3)

Answer 52

break down macromolecules, digest worn-out organelles, and destroy pathogens such as bacteria.

Question 53

Golgi's apparatus cis face function

Answer 53

where substances enter the Golgi apparatus from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for processing

Question 54

Golgi's apparatus trans face function

Answer 54

where substances exit the Golgi apparatus in the form of smaller vesicles

Question 55

Order of protein production

Answer 55

rough ER -> transport vesicle -> Golgi apparatus -> transport vesicle -> plasma membrane

Question 56

Lumen

Answer 56

The interior of the ER

Question 57

Free ribosomes generally produce proteins that will be used

Answer 57

within the cytoplasm

Question 58

Membrane-bound ribosomes generally produce proteins that will either be __ or __.

Answer 58

embedded in a membrane, or secreted from the cell.

Question 59

Triglyceride function and structure

Answer 59

energy storage. glycerol (1) and fatty acid chains (3)