Test 4b Flashcards
1
Q
Veins vs. arteries: Thicker
A
Arteries
2
Q
Veins vs. arteries: Lower pressure
A
Veins
3
Q
Veins vs. arteries: Larger lumen
A
Veins
4
Q
Veins vs. arteries: Valves to prevent back flow
A
Arteries/veins
5
Q
Veins vs. arteries: thicker tunica media
A
Arteries
6
Q
Veins vs. arteries: Deeper in body
A
Arteries
7
Q
Veins vs. arteries: assisted by skeletal muscle activity
A
Veins
8
Q
What do capillaries consist of?
A
One cell thick - tunica intima only
9
Q
Interweaving of capillaries
A
Beds
10
Q
Flow of blood through capillary bed
A
Microcirculation
11
Q
Largest artery
A
Aorta
12
Q
Where does aorta arise?
A
Left ventricle
13
Q
4 parts of aorta
A
Ascending aorta, aortic arch, descending aorta, abdominal aorta
14
Q
Largest veins
A
Superior/Inferior Vena Cava
15
Q
Where do vena cavae converge?
A
Right atrium
16
Q
What part of body does vena cavae drain from?
A
Upper and lower regions of body
17
Q
How are nutrients, gases, and waste exchanged in a fetus?
A
Placenta
18
Q
How many vessels does an umbilical cord have?
A
3 vessels
19
Q
How many veins/arteries does an umbilical cord have?
A
1, 2
20
Q
Part that allows blood to bypass the liver and enter inferior vena cava in a fetus?
A
Ductus venosus
21
Q
Opening in the septum of atria that allows some blood to go directly from right to left atrium in a fetus
A
Foramen ovale
22
Q
A short vessel that connects the pulmonary trunk and aorta in a fetus
A
Ductus arteriosus
23
Q
After birth, what happens to foramen ovale?
A
Closes
24
Q
After birth, what does the ductus arteriosus collapse into?
A
Ligamentum arteriosum
25
Narrowing of arteries due to build up of fatty plaques
Arteriosclerosis
26
2 vessels most affected by arteriosclerosis
Aorta and coronary arteries
27
Stationary blood clot
Thrombus
28
Blood clot that has broken off from vessel wall and travels
Embolus
29
Plaque build up inside coronary arteries that impedes blood flow to cardiac tissue
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
30
Removal of vessel from periphery which is used to re-establish better circulation of the heart by re-routing the blood flow around the blockage
Coronary Artery Bypass Graft (CAMBG)
31
Left ventricular heart failure that results in decreased cardiac output, increased pressure in left atrium, and increased pressure in pulmonary veins
Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)
32
During CHF, what happens to the lungs?
Increase in pressure, allowing fluid to seep into interstitial tissue causing edema
33
Right ventricular heart failure which results in increased pressure in right atrium and increased pressure in vena cavae
Cor Pulmonale
34
Disturbance in electrical system of heart where atria "quiver" more than contract
Atrial Fibrillation
35
2 things that can result from atrial fibrillation
Possibility of blood stagnation and clotting, and stroke
36
Living blood cells of blood
Formed elements
37
Nonliving fluid matrix of blood
Plasma
38
Percentage of blood that contains red blood cells
Hematocrit
39
% blood volume of erythrocytes
45%
40
% blood volume of leukocytes
>1%
41
% blood volume of platelets
<1%
42
Red blood cells
Erythrocytes
43
White blood cells
Leukocytes
44
Cell fragments for clotting
Platelets
45
pH of blood
Slightly alkaline (7.35-7.45)
46
Temperature of blood
100.4 F
47
% blood volume of plasma
55%
48
What percent of plasma is water?
90%
49
How many different dissolved substances does plasma contain?
>100
50
Molecule carrier, blood buffer, osmotic pressure of bloodstream regulator, keeps water in circulatory system, and nutritional marker
Albumin
51
Help stop blood loss when blood vessels are injured
Proteins
52
Protection from pathogens
Antibodies
53
What happens when pH of blood is too high or too low?
Body organs triggered to make adjustments (kidneys, lungs)
54
Main function of RBCs
Carry oxygen to all cells
55
3 cellular characteristics of RBCs
No nucleus, very few organelles, lack mitochondria
56
Iron bearing protein that transports oxygen in the blood
Hemoglobin
57
Cell shape of RBCs
Biconcave - flattened discs with thin centers on both sides
58
How many RBCs in one drop of blood?
5,000,000
59
How many molecules of hemoglobin does 1 RBC contain?
250,000,000
60
How many oxygens can a hemoglobin bind?
4
61
Decrease in oxygen carrying capacity of blood
Anemia
62
2 symptoms of anemia
Abnormally low RBC count, abnormal level of hemoglobin
63
Abnormal increase in the number of RBCs
Polycythemia
64
What is polycythemia an indication of?
Bone marrow cancer
65
Sudden hemorrhage
Hemorrhagic anemia
66
Lysis of RBCs due to bacterial infections
Hemolytic anemia
67
Lack of vitamin B12
Pernicious anemia
68
Lack of RBC production or destruction of RBC due to bone marrow cancer, XRT, or medications
Anaplastic anemia
69
Lack of iron intake in diet which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin
Iron deficient anemia
70
2 cellular characteristics of WBCs
Contains nucleus and organelles
71
WBCs slip into and out of blood vessels
Diapedesis
72
WBCs locate areas of tissue damage and infection by responding to chemicals of damaged cells
Positive chemotaxis
73
Method that WBCs move through tissue spaces
Ameboid motion
74
Excessive amount of WBCs
Leukocytosis
75
Abnormally low WBC count
Leukopenia
76
WBCs that contain granules in cytoplasm
Granulocytes
77
WBCs that lack granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes
78
What shape nuclei do granulocytes have?
Round lobes
79
What shape nuclei do a granulocytes have?
Spherical, oval, kidney shaped
80
Most numerous granulocytes
Neutrophils
81
What do neutrophils attack?
Bacteria/fungi
82
What kind of nucleus do neutrophils have?
Multi-lobed, fine granules
83
Red granules
Eosinophils
84
What do eosinophils attack
Parasitic worms and fight allergies
85
Rarest WBC that contain histamine granules
Basophils
86
What do basophils do?
Fight inflammation
87
Agranulocytes with large, dark nuclei
Lymphocytes
88
Where do lymphocytes reside?
Lymphatic tissue
89
Largest WBCs with U shaped nucleus
Monocytes
90
What do monocytes fight
Chronic infections
91
Cancer of bone marrow and countless WBCs are produced
Leukemia
92
What is wrong with WBCs made in a person with leukemia
Immature and not able to carry out normal function
93
Multi-nucleate cells that form platelets
Megakaryocytes
94
Abnormal bleeding due to low platelet count
Thrombocytopenia
95
Inability to make usual clotting factors
Liver problems
96
What can cause liver problems
Low vitamin K levels, hepatitis, cirrhosis
97
Hereditary bleeding disorder that results in a lack of any of the clotting factors
Hemophilia
98
Blood cell formation
Hematopoiesis
99
Where does hematopoiesis occur?
Red bone marrow/myeloid tissue
100
Common type of stem cell from which all blood cells arise
Hemocytoblast
101
2 types of cells formed by hemocytoblast
Lymphoid stem cell, myeloid stem cell
102
What do lymphoid stem cells produce?
Lymphocytes
103
What do myeloid stem cells produce?
All other formed elements
104
Young RBC that enter blood stream to start transporting oxygen
Reticulocyte
105
How long does it take for a RBC to become fully functional
3-5 days
106
Hormone that controls RBC production
Erythropoietin
107
What produces erythropoietin
Liver, kidneys
108
Prompt red bone marrow to turn out new WBCs and also summon other WBCs to protect the body
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
109
Speeds up platelet production
Thrombopoietin
110
Stoppage of bleeding
Hemostasis
111
3 steps of response to injured tissue cells
Vascular spasms, platelet plug formation, coagulation/blood formation
112
Smooth muscle spasms
Vasoconstriction
113
What do platelets stick to?
Exposed underlying collagen
114
What do platelets do once they attach to collagen
Release chemicals to cause more vasospasms and attract more platelets to form platelet plug
115
What do injured tissues release to enhance clotting
Tissue factor (TF)
116
Converts prothrombin to thrombin
Prothrombin activator
117
What does thrombin join to in order to form fibrin
Fibrinogen
118
Makes mesh to trap RBCs to make a clot
Fibrin
