Test 4c Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
If either the respiratory or circulatory fails, what will the body die of?
A
Lack of O2 or build up of CO2
2
Q
8 parts that make up the respiratory system
A
Nose/sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli
3
Q
Terminal air sacs
A
Alveoli
4
Q
Where does gas exchange with blood occur?
A
Alveoli
5
Q
Along the pathway, what three general things happen to air?
A
Warmed, cleansed, moistened
6
Q
Only external portion of the respiratory system
A
Nose
7
Q
Openings of the nose
A
Nostrils
8
Q
Inside of the nose
A
Nasal cavity
9
Q
Divides the nasal cavity into two sides
A
Nasal septum
10
Q
Mucus covered projections inside nasal cavity
A
Nasal conchae
11
Q
2 functions of nasal conchae
A
Increase SA, increase air turbulence
12
Q
3 sets of nasal conchae
A
Superior, middle, inferior
13
Q
What separates oral cavity from the nasal cavity?
A
Palate
14
Q
2 parts of the palate
A
Hard (anterior), Soft (posterior)
15
Q
Which palate is bone supported?
A
Hard
16
Q
Surround the nasal cavity in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
A
Para-nasal sinuses
17
Q
2 functions of the para-nasal sinuses
A
Lighten the skull, resonate sound
18
Q
Muscular passageway usually called the throat
A
Pharynx
19
Q
3 regions of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngo-pharynx
20
Q
Superior portion from the nasal cavity down to the oropharynx
A
Nasopharynx
21
Q
3 parts of the nasopharynx
A
Pharyngeal tonsil, opening of phryngotympanic tube, uvula
22
Q
Drains middle ear
A
Opening of phryngotympanic tube
23
Q
Contains the palatine and lingual tonsils
A
Oropharynx
24
Q
The oropharynx is made up of clusters of what?
A
Lymphatic tissue
25
Routes air into proper channel to produce sound
Larynx
26
What is the larynx also known as?
Voice box
27
8 rigid hyaline cartilages
Thyroid cartilage
28
Projection of thyroid cartilage anteriorly
Adams' apple
29
Guards the airway by protecting the superior oepning of the lower respiratory passages
Epiglottis
30
When the epiglottis is open, what is allowed through?
Air flow
31
When is the epiglottis closed?
During swallowing, when it restricts oral contents from going down into trachea
32
Fold formed by a mucous membrane of the larynx
Vocal folds/true vocal cords
33
What makes sound?
Vibrations of vocal folds when air is expelled
34
Opening between vocal folds
Glottis
35
Known as the "windpipe"
Trachea
36
From what two places does the trachea extend from
Base of larynx to the level of the 5th ribs
37
What maintains an open trachea during the changing pressures of breathing?
Rigidity of c-chaped rings of hyaline cartilage
38
Lines trachea
Cilia
39
Function of cilia in the trachea
Moves particles and mucous upwards
40
What can destroy tracheal cilia
Smoking
41
What are the 2 main bronchi?
Right and left
42
Point where the trachea divides
Carina
43
3 ways in which the right main bronchi differ from the left
Shorter, wider, straighter
44
Except for what, the lungs occupy the entire thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
45
Narrow, upper portions of the lungs located deep to the clavicle
Apex
46
Wide, lower portions of lungs located near the diaphragm
Base
47
What are lung lobes formed by?
Deep fissures
48
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3
49
How many lobes does the left lung have?
2
50
What is each lung covered by?
Serous membranes
51
2 layers of serous membranes of lungs
Parietal, visceral
52
Lines the wall of ventral cavity
Parietal layer
53
Lines the outside of the lung
Visceral layer
54
Fluid in between the two layers of serous membrane of lungs
Serous fluid
55
Inflammation of the pleural membrane with decreased pleural fluid
Pleurisy
56
Excessive pleural fluid
Pleural effusion
57
What does pleural effusion result in?
Increased pressure on lungs
58
Many branches of bronchi inside the lungs
Bronchioles
59
All but the very smallest bronchioles have what to reinforce their walls?
Cartilage
60
What do terminal bronchioles lead to?
Respiratory zone structures
61
What do respiratory zone structures end at?
Alveoli
62
3 components of respiratory zone structures
Respiratory bronchiole, alveolar ducts/sacs, alveoli
63
All other respiratory passage structures that serve as conduits to and from the respiratory zone
Conducting zone structures
64
Besides air spaces, what is the remaining lunge tissue made of?
Elastic connective tissue
65
What does the elastic connective tissue of the lungs allow for?
Efficient passive recoil during exhalation
66
Tiny terminal air sacs that are a single cell layer thick
Alveoli
67
Tiny pores that connect neighboring air sacs
Alveolar pores
68
What function does the alveolar pores provide?
Alternative routes for air to reach alveoli when blockage occurs
69
Cover external surfaces of alveoli
Pulmonary capillaries
70
Allows for diffusion of gases between air and blood
Respiratory membrane/air blood barrier
71
Defense mechanism for the lungs
Alveolar macrophages
72
What do alveolar macrophages do?
Pick up bacteria and debris in alveoli
73
Lipid molecule that coats the gas exposed surfaces of the alveoli
Surfactant
74
Function of surfactant
Lowers surface tensions of the lining of each alveolar sac to prevent collapse
75
4 events of respiration
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, respiratory gas transport, internal respiration
76
Moving air in and out of lungs to refresh air in alveoli
Pulmonary ventilation
77
Gas exchange between the exterior of body and pulmonary blood via alveoli
External respiration
78
Gases are transported to and from the lung and cells of the body by blood vessels
Respiratory gas transport
79
Gas exchange between blood and tissue cells
Internal respiration
80
What does volume changes of breathing result in?
Pressure changes
81
What does pressure changes of breathing result in?
Flow of gases to equalize pressures
82
Air flowing into lungs
Inhalation
83
Air flowing out of lungs
Exhalation
84
2 things that contract during inhalation
Diaphragm and external inter-coastal muscles
85
3 things that enlarge during inhalation
Thoracic cavity, rib cage, lungs
86
During inhalation, lung volume ____, pressure ____ and air rushes in until pressure equals ______
Increases, decreases, atmospheric pressure
87
An active muscular process in some lung pathologies
Forced expiration
88
During exhalation, thoracic and pulmonary volumes ____, pressure on gases in lungs ____ greater than atmospheric pressure, and air flows out of ____
Decrease, increases, lungs
89
Intra-pleural pressure is always ____
Negative
90
What would happen if intra-pleural pressure equaled atmospheric pressure
Lungs recoil completely and collapse
91
Air in intra-pleural space
Pneumothorax
92
Clears lower respiratory track
Cough
93
What happens during a cough
Deep breath, close glottis, air forced from lungs against glottis
94
Clears upper respiratory track
Sneeze
95
Instead of oral cavity, where is air from a sneeze routed
Nasal cavities
96
Sudden inspirations as a result of diaphragm spasms
Hiccups
97
What are hiccups initiated by?
Phrenic nerve or irritation of diaphragm
98
Very deep inspiration
Yawn
99
What do yawns ventilate
Alveoli
100
3 basic mechanisms that set breathing rhythm
Phrenic nerve, inter-costal nerves, neural centers
101
Sets basic rhythm of breathing
Medulla
102
How many respirations/min does medulla regulate breathing to?
12-15
103
Smoothes out the basic rhythm of inspiration and expiration set by medulla
Pons
104
Specialized receptors found within the bronchioles and alveoli that respond to extreme stretching
Stretch receptors
105
What nerve do stretch receptors initiate protective reflexes via?
Vagus nerve
106
CO2 concentration levels act directly on what?
pH level in CSF
107
Send impulses to medulla when O2 levels are dropping via aorta and common carotid artery
Peripheral chemo-receptors
108
Abnormal decrease in pulmonary ventilate that results in volume of air reduction
Restrictive lung disease
109
Decreased ability to move air in and/or out of lungs due to obstruction of air flow throughout the bronchi/bronchioles
Obstructive lung disease
110
Active infection of the lungs including the alveoli
Pneumonia
111
Abnormal inhalation of secretions, food, liquids, into the lower airway
Aspiration pneumonia
112
Inflamed mucosal lining of bronchi and bronchioles
Chronic bronchitis
113
Loose elasticity of lungs due to expansion of trapped air because bronchi/bronchioles collapse
Emphysema
114
Genetic disease that causes increased production of thickened secretions
Cystic fibrosis
115
Hypersensitivity of bronchial passages which causes bronchi constriction
Asthma
