Test 1b Flashcards by steve aspery

Cutaneous membrane and all appendages

Integumentary system

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COnfines or hardens skin

Keratin

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6 types of damages that the integumentary system protects against

mechanical, chemical, thermal, desiccation (drying out), ultraviolet, bacterial

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What does the integumentary system do when skin is not open?

Acidic secretion on surface inhibits bacteria

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What does the integumentary system do when skin is open

phagocytes ingest foreign substances and prevent contact iwht deeper tissues

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4 functions of integumentary system

regulates body temperature, excretes salts, synthesizes vitamin D, senesory receptors convey information about external environment

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2 tissue layers of the skin

Epidermis, dermis

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What sort of epithelium the epidermis composed of?

Stratified squamous epithelium

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What sort of tissue is the dermis composed of?

Dense connective tissue

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Separation between dermis and epidermis that ocntains an accumulation of intersititial fluid

Blister

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Not considered part of skin but anchors skin to udnerlying organs

Subcutaneous tissue/hyodermis

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3 characteristics of hypodemris

Cushions, insultates, anatomical curves

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How many layers of the epidermis

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What produces keratin

Keratinocytes

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Outermost layer of skin, dead

Stratum corneum

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How does the stratum corneum protect deeper layers of skin?

Chemical and mechanical trauma, prevents water loss

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How often is the stratum corneum replaced with new epidermis?

25-45 days

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Not present in all skin regions, only where skin is hairless and thick

Stratum lucidum

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Characteristic of stratum lucidum

Combination of accumulation of keratin secreting water-repllent glycolipid into ECM, increasing distance from blood supply

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What happens as you move down the layers of the skin?

Layers become flatter and increasingly more keratinized

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Lies closest to dermis

Stratum basale

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How is nourishment delivered to stratum basale?

Diffusion from dermis through epidermal cells

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What 2 substances is the dermis mainly composed of?

collagen, elastin

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Upper layer of dermis

Papillary layer

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The uneven, peg-like projections that indent the epidermis

Dermal papillae

Deepest layer of skin

Reticular layer

Another name for stretch marks

Linea albicans

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

Where is melanin found?

epidermis

where is carotene found

stratum corneum, subcutaneous tissue

Where is hemoglobin found

dermal blood vessels

What is melanin produced by

melanocytes

What does sunlight do to melanocytes

stimulates them to produce more melanin

What layer of the epidermis is melanin primarily found in

stratum basale

How is the number and distriubiton of melanocytes determined?

genetics

Redness from fever, inflammation, allergy, etc.

Erythema

Paleness from anemia, fear, stress, low blood pressure

pallor

yellowness from liver problem

jaundice

blueness from poor oxygen content in blood

cyanosis

black and blue from blood escaped from vessels and has clotted in tissue spaces due to trauma

bruising

2 types of exocrine glands

sebaceous, sweat

Where are exocrine glands formed

stratum basale

Where are sebaceous glands found?

All over, except palms and soles of feet

Main function of sebaceous glands

Producing sebum

4 characteristics of sebum

greasy, lubricates skin, contain chemicals that kill bacteria, prevent hair form becoming brittle

2 types of cutaneous sweat glands

apocrine, eccrine

4 substances that sweat is made of

water, salts, metabolic waste, lactic acid

How does sweat reach the skin?

Duct/funnel-shaped pore

Where are apocrine glands concentrated within the body?

Axillary and genital areas

Where is the matrix (growth zone) of hair

Stratum basale epithelial cells

Part of hair that is enclosed in hair follicle

root

Part of hair that projects to the surface

Shaft

Part of hair that is the central core

medulla

Part of hair that surrounds medulla

cortex

Part of hair that surrounds cortex with its single layer of scale-like cells

cuticle

4 characteristics of cuticle

heavily keratinized, keeps hairs separated, wears away at end, mealnocytes i hair bulb produce pigment to determine color

Causes slanting of hair that contract when we are afraid or cold

Arrector pili muscles

5 ways homeostasis is lost in skin

burn, cancer, open wounds, allergies, infections

Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat in the form of chemical, thermal, UV radiation or electrical agents

burns

How many parts does the rules of nines divide the body into?

11 areas (9%) and genitals (1%)

How are burns classified?

Severity/depth

What percent is second degree burn?

25%

What percent is third degree burn?

10%

Associated with inhalation burns and can cause respiratory damage and swelling

Facial burns

Only epidermis damaged, red and swollen, temporary discomfort

First degree burn

What degree burn is a sun burn?

First degree burn

Injury to epidermis and upper level of dermis; red, swollen, blisters, and painful

Second degree burn

In a second degree burn, is regeneration of skill possible?

Yes

Destroys entire thickness of skin; gray-white, black

Third degree burn

Are third degree burns painful?

In a third degree burn is regeneration possible?

Greatest risk factor for skin cancer

Over-exposure to sunlight

Most common skin cancer

Basal cell sarcoma

What cells does basal cell sarcoma effect?

Cells of stratum basale

Skin cancer that arises from stratum spinosum

Squamous cell carcinoma

Where does squamous cell carcinoma usually metastasize to?

Lymph nodes

Cancer of melanocytes that arises from pigmented mole

Malignant melanoma

Where does malignant melanoma usually metastasize to?

Lymph nodes or blood vessels

5 ways to examine pigmented areas

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter, Elevation

Forms from prolonged external pressure over bony prominences

Ischemic necrosis

Acute or chronic skin inflammation; itching, redness, and swelling

Contact dermatitis

3 everyday examples of contact dermatitis

Poison ivy, latex, soaps

Auto-immune disorder that attacks tissues that is triggered by stress, trauma, hormones, infections

Psoriasis

What does psoriasis result in?

Overproduction of cells; dry, scaly, cracking red lesions

Transmissible paraisitic infection where mite burrows into stratum corneum and burrow egs

Scabies

Fungal infection between toes

Athlete's foot

Birthmark of hyperplasia vascular lesion of skin and subcutaneous tissue

Port wine stain

Excessive proliferation of connective tissue during healing of open skin

Keloid scarring

Inherited, autosomal recessive disorder that is missing enzyme that makes melanocytes to produce melanin

Albinism

Hypersensitivity reaction similar to allergy that leads to inflammation of skin

Eczema

Loss of brown pigment form areas of skin with irregular white patches; melanocytes die or are unable to function

Vitiligo