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Anatomy > Test 1b > Flashcards

Test 1b Flashcards

1
Q

Cutaneous membrane and all appendages

A

Integumentary system

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2
Q

COnfines or hardens skin

A

Keratin

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3
Q

6 types of damages that the integumentary system protects against

A

mechanical, chemical, thermal, desiccation (drying out), ultraviolet, bacterial

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4
Q

What does the integumentary system do when skin is not open?

A

Acidic secretion on surface inhibits bacteria

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5
Q

What does the integumentary system do when skin is open

A

phagocytes ingest foreign substances and prevent contact iwht deeper tissues

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6
Q

4 functions of integumentary system

A

regulates body temperature, excretes salts, synthesizes vitamin D, senesory receptors convey information about external environment

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7
Q

2 tissue layers of the skin

A

Epidermis, dermis

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8
Q

What sort of epithelium the epidermis composed of?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

What sort of tissue is the dermis composed of?

A

Dense connective tissue

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10
Q

Separation between dermis and epidermis that ocntains an accumulation of intersititial fluid

A

Blister

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11
Q

Not considered part of skin but anchors skin to udnerlying organs

A

Subcutaneous tissue/hyodermis

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12
Q

3 characteristics of hypodemris

A

Cushions, insultates, anatomical curves

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13
Q

How many layers of the epidermis

A

5

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14
Q

What produces keratin

A

Keratinocytes

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15
Q

Outermost layer of skin, dead

A

Stratum corneum

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16
Q

How does the stratum corneum protect deeper layers of skin?

A

Chemical and mechanical trauma, prevents water loss

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17
Q

How often is the stratum corneum replaced with new epidermis?

A

25-45 days

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18
Q

Not present in all skin regions, only where skin is hairless and thick

A

Stratum lucidum

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19
Q

Characteristic of stratum lucidum

A

Combination of accumulation of keratin secreting water-repllent glycolipid into ECM, increasing distance from blood supply

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20
Q

What happens as you move down the layers of the skin?

A

Layers become flatter and increasingly more keratinized

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21
Q

Lies closest to dermis

A

Stratum basale

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22
Q

How is nourishment delivered to stratum basale?

A

Diffusion from dermis through epidermal cells

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23
Q

What 2 substances is the dermis mainly composed of?

A

collagen, elastin

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24
Q

Upper layer of dermis

A

Papillary layer

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25
Q

The uneven, peg-like projections that indent the epidermis

A

Dermal papillae

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26
Q

Deepest layer of skin

A

Reticular layer

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27
Q

Another name for stretch marks

A

Linea albicans

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28
Q

3 pigments that contribute to skin color

A

melanin, carotene, hemoglobin

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29
Q

Where is melanin found?

A

epidermis

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30
Q

where is carotene found

A

stratum corneum, subcutaneous tissue

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31
Q

Where is hemoglobin found

A

dermal blood vessels

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32
Q

What is melanin produced by

A

melanocytes

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33
Q

What does sunlight do to melanocytes

A

stimulates them to produce more melanin

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34
Q

What layer of the epidermis is melanin primarily found in

A

stratum basale

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35
Q

How is the number and distriubiton of melanocytes determined?

A

genetics

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36
Q

Redness from fever, inflammation, allergy, etc.

A

Erythema

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37
Q

Paleness from anemia, fear, stress, low blood pressure

A

pallor

38
Q

yellowness from liver problem

A

jaundice

39
Q

blueness from poor oxygen content in blood

A

cyanosis

40
Q

black and blue from blood escaped from vessels and has clotted in tissue spaces due to trauma

A

bruising

41
Q

2 types of exocrine glands

A

sebaceous, sweat

42
Q

Where are exocrine glands formed

A

stratum basale

43
Q

Where are sebaceous glands found?

A

All over, except palms and soles of feet

44
Q

Main function of sebaceous glands

A

Producing sebum

45
Q

4 characteristics of sebum

A

greasy, lubricates skin, contain chemicals that kill bacteria, prevent hair form becoming brittle

46
Q

2 types of cutaneous sweat glands

A

apocrine, eccrine

47
Q

4 substances that sweat is made of

A

water, salts, metabolic waste, lactic acid

48
Q

How does sweat reach the skin?

A

Duct/funnel-shaped pore

49
Q

Where are apocrine glands concentrated within the body?

A

Axillary and genital areas

50
Q

Where is the matrix (growth zone) of hair

A

Stratum basale epithelial cells

51
Q

Part of hair that is enclosed in hair follicle

A

root

52
Q

Part of hair that projects to the surface

A

Shaft

53
Q

Part of hair that is the central core

A

medulla

54
Q

Part of hair that surrounds medulla

A

cortex

55
Q

Part of hair that surrounds cortex with its single layer of scale-like cells

A

cuticle

56
Q

4 characteristics of cuticle

A

heavily keratinized, keeps hairs separated, wears away at end, mealnocytes i hair bulb produce pigment to determine color

57
Q

Causes slanting of hair that contract when we are afraid or cold

A

Arrector pili muscles

58
Q

5 ways homeostasis is lost in skin

A

burn, cancer, open wounds, allergies, infections

59
Q

Tissue damage and cell death caused by intense heat in the form of chemical, thermal, UV radiation or electrical agents

A

burns

60
Q

How many parts does the rules of nines divide the body into?

A

11 areas (9%) and genitals (1%)

61
Q

How are burns classified?

A

Severity/depth

62
Q

What percent is second degree burn?

A

25%

63
Q

What percent is third degree burn?

A

10%

64
Q

Associated with inhalation burns and can cause respiratory damage and swelling

A

Facial burns

65
Q

Only epidermis damaged, red and swollen, temporary discomfort

A

First degree burn

66
Q

What degree burn is a sun burn?

A

First degree burn

67
Q

Injury to epidermis and upper level of dermis; red, swollen, blisters, and painful

A

Second degree burn

68
Q

In a second degree burn, is regeneration of skill possible?

A

Yes

69
Q

Destroys entire thickness of skin; gray-white, black

A

Third degree burn

70
Q

Are third degree burns painful?

A

No

71
Q

In a third degree burn is regeneration possible?

A

No

72
Q

Greatest risk factor for skin cancer

A

Over-exposure to sunlight

73
Q

Most common skin cancer

A

Basal cell sarcoma

74
Q

What cells does basal cell sarcoma effect?

A

Cells of stratum basale

75
Q

Skin cancer that arises from stratum spinosum

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

76
Q

Where does squamous cell carcinoma usually metastasize to?

A

Lymph nodes

77
Q

Cancer of melanocytes that arises from pigmented mole

A

Malignant melanoma

78
Q

Where does malignant melanoma usually metastasize to?

A

Lymph nodes or blood vessels

79
Q

5 ways to examine pigmented areas

A

Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color, Diameter, Elevation

80
Q

Forms from prolonged external pressure over bony prominences

A

Ischemic necrosis

81
Q

Acute or chronic skin inflammation; itching, redness, and swelling

A

Contact dermatitis

82
Q

3 everyday examples of contact dermatitis

A

Poison ivy, latex, soaps

83
Q

Auto-immune disorder that attacks tissues that is triggered by stress, trauma, hormones, infections

A

Psoriasis

84
Q

What does psoriasis result in?

A

Overproduction of cells; dry, scaly, cracking red lesions

85
Q

Transmissible paraisitic infection where mite burrows into stratum corneum and burrow egs

A

Scabies

86
Q

Fungal infection between toes

A

Athlete’s foot

87
Q

Birthmark of hyperplasia vascular lesion of skin and subcutaneous tissue

A

Port wine stain

88
Q

Excessive proliferation of connective tissue during healing of open skin

A

Keloid scarring

89
Q

Inherited, autosomal recessive disorder that is missing enzyme that makes melanocytes to produce melanin

A

Albinism

90
Q

Hypersensitivity reaction similar to allergy that leads to inflammation of skin

A

Eczema

91
Q

Loss of brown pigment form areas of skin with irregular white patches; melanocytes die or are unable to function

A

Vitiligo

Anatomy (11 decks)

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