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PA10315 COPY > The brain > Flashcards

The brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cerebral cortex involved in?

A
  1. Coordinates complex conscious behaviours.
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2
Q

How has the cerebral cortex been studied?

A
  1. Looking at people who have had strokes and seeing differences in their behaviour.
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3
Q

What is the somatic sensory part of the cerebral cortex involved in?

A
  1. Receives inputs from sense of touch.
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4
Q

What is the motor part of the cerebral cortex involved in?

A
  1. Output region that generates action potentials that are involved in movement.
  2. Provide output to skeletal muscles.
  3. Different parts for different area of muscle
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5
Q

What is the visual part of the cerebral cortex involved in?

A
  1. Input from the eyes that activate neurones to allow sight.
  2. Primary visual cortex- sees something
  3. Secondary visual cortex- interprets what we see- learns and stores visual memories
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6
Q

What is the auditory part of the cerebral cortex involved in?

A

Input from the ears.

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7
Q

What is the somatosensory cortex?

A
  1. The pathway that allows touch - the impulse starts in the spinal cord and is transported to one region of the brain and then to the somatosensory cortex.
  2. The somatosensory cortex is a strip of cortex that lies in the parietal lobe
  3. Different parts of somatosensory cortex (touch) receive action potentials from different areas of the periphery.
  4. Much more brain given to parts of body with a better sense of touch e.g. hands and mouth over back.
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8
Q

How does the motor cortex work?

A
  1. Neurones create action potentials that travel down the spinal cord to reach the skeletal muscles to move them.
  2. Premotor cortex- coordinates the movement according to what is seen
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9
Q

What is Broca’s area involved in?

A
  1. Speaking language
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10
Q

What is the prefrontal cortex involved in?

A
  1. Risk but also personality and mood.
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11
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A
  1. Involved in motor memory
  2. How to walk, ride a bike
  3. Useful part of brain to look at synaptic integration
  4. Have some 1 to 1 relationships- 1 input and 1 output
  5. Also have fibres which activates another fibre which might communicate with thousands of cells- 1 input to a lot of output
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12
Q

What are examples of “fast” neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate and GABA.

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13
Q

What are examples of slower neurotransmitters?

A

5-HT (serotonin), acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline.

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14
Q

What is noradrenaline involved in?

A
  1. Sleep, arousal, fear and stress, motivation, attention

2. Collection of neurones top of brainstem release noradrenaline

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15
Q

What is 5-HT(seratonin) involved in?

A
  1. Cell bodies in different parts of the brain stem

2. Motivation, sleepiness, mood

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16
Q

What do SSRIs do?

A
  1. Prevent the reuptake of 5-HT
  2. So more in synaptic cleft, so more serotonin in the brain
  3. To increase the mood of those suffering from depression and anxiety.
17
Q

What involvement does acetylcholine have in the brain?

A
  1. What allows skeletal muscles to move- synapses
  2. Cortex releases input from cholingenic neurones
  3. Hippocampus- involved in memory- Ach neurones first to die in Alzheimer’s
18
Q

What is dopamine involved in?

A
  1. Two brain regions with cell bodies that release it
  2. Basal ganglia- motor control- dopamine needed in basal ganglia to move properly
  3. Rewards- pathway to frontal cortex
  4. Motor control, voluntary movement, euphoria and reward - linked to cravings for recreational drugs after they have been used.
19
Q

cerebral cortex- what does it consist of?

A
  1. parietal, occiptal, temporal and frontal lobes

2. And central sulcus

20
Q

brainstem

A
  1. Controls simple things, necessary for survival
  2. All nerve fibres that relay signals between the forebrain, cerebellum and spinal cord pass through here
  3. Where the spinal cord meets the brain and is involved in the control of heart rate (unconscious and autonomic)
21
Q

cortex

A
  1. involved in feelings and emotions
22
Q

cerebellum

A
  1. controlling posture and balance

2. memories of movement

23
Q

how does the somatosensory cortex work?

A
  1. within it you can map parts of the body from which input is received
  2. endings of axons of specific somatic pathways are grouped according to peripheral location of receptors that give input to the pathways
24
Q

homunculus

A
  1. a sensory homunculus represents a map of brain areas dedicated to sensory processing for different anatomical divisions of the body
25
Q

visual cortex

A
  1. specific ascending pathways from eyes connect to primary cortical receiving area in the occipital lobe
  2. secondary visual cortex allows us to interpret what our eyes are telling us
26
Q

auditory cortex

A
  1. specific ascending pathways from the ears go to the auditory cortex
27
Q

basal ganglia

A
  1. enable different parts of the cortex to communicate, 2. control movement and posture
28
Q

what is frontal cortex associated with

A

decision, risk assessment

29
Q

glutamate

A
  1. excitatory

2. opens ligand gated Na+ channel

30
Q

GABA

A
  1. inhibitory

2. opens ligand gated Cl- ion channel

31
Q

slow neurotransmitters

A
  1. activate G-protein coupled receptors
32
Q

what is ach involved in

A
  1. memory
33
Q

what serotonin involved in

A
  1. control of mood

2. excitatory effect on pathways that control muscles, and inhibitory on ones that mediate sensations

34
Q

What is difference between highly evolved organisms and others

A
  1. Large proportion of brain is cerebral cortex which is what separates highly evolved organisms from others like lobsters
35
Q

What are the 4 Brodmann’s areas

A
  1. Motor- causes movement of skeletal muscles
  2. Somatic sensory- activated by touch
  3. Visual- activated by information from the eyes
  4. Auditory- input form ears
36
Q

What is Wernicke’s area involved in

A
  1. involved in language
37
Q

What controls how parts of the cortex interacts with each other

A
  1. Mid-brain
  2. gate control for how parts of cortex can communicate with each other
  3. Normally neurones don’t directly interact with each other in cortex
38
Q

How can strokes help our understanding of the brain

A
  1. Stroke- blockage in blood vessel causes death in certain part of brain
  2. Helpful to determine which area is associated with which function
  3. Phineas Gage- lost big part of prefrontal cortex, completely changed his personality
  4. Shows prefrontal cortex is what affects our personality

PA10315 COPY (48 decks)

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