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PA10315 COPY > The nervous system > Flashcards

The nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the PNS to CNS pathway called?

A

Afferent - input (sensory)

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2
Q

What is the CNS to PNS pathway called?

A

Efferent - output.

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3
Q

What are the PNS neurones/ CNS efferent neurones split into?

A

The somatic and autonomic system.

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4
Q

What are the autonomic neurones split into?

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

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5
Q

What is the somatic system associated with?

A

Voluntary control.

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6
Q

What is the autonomic system associated with?

A

Control that does not require the conscious brain ie not under voluntary control

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7
Q

What is the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?

A
  1. Sympathetic is involved in the fight or flight responses, 2. the parasympathetic system is involved in rest and digest responses.
  2. sympathetic stimulates body processes,
  3. parasympathetic inhibits them
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8
Q

What is the significance about the preganglionic fibre in the sympathetic system?

A
  1. It is short and the postganglionic fibre is long.
  2. Preganglionic neurons generally project to paravertebral sympathetic chain
  3. Postganglionic neurons in sympathetic chain send long axonal projections that synapse on the target organ
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9
Q

What is the significance about the preganglionic fibre in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. It is long and the postganglionic fibre is short. (vice versa in sympathetic nervous system)
  2. Preganglionic neurons send long axonal projections to parasympathetic ganglia (in or near target organ)
  3. Short post ganglionic axon sends output
  4. Postganglionic neurons send short axonal projections which synapse on target organ
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10
Q

What happens in the fight or flight response?

A

Airways are relaxed, glycogenolysis occurs in the liver, the bladder and stomach muscles are relaxed.

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11
Q

What is the neurotransmitter in the somatic system?

A

Acetylcholine.

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12
Q

What are the neurotransmitters in the sympathetic system?

A
  1. Activates acetyl choline- The pre-synaptic neurone is cholinergic
  2. Acts on a nicotinic receptor
  3. Causes noradrenaline to be released which acts on the heart and blood vessels.
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13
Q

What neurotransmitters are involved in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  1. Activates acetyl choline
  2. Activates nicotine
  3. Then acetyl choline again
  4. Stimulate the muscle - this acts on the heart, smooth muscle and sweat glands among others.
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14
Q

Are adrenoreceptors and muscarinic receptors G-protein coupled or ligand-gated?

A

G-protein coupled.

1

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15
Q

what is sympathetic division involved in

A
  1. Perceived threat detected by brain
  2. Pupils dilate- better peripheral vision
  3. Inhibit production of saliva- full of digestive enzymes- don’t want to waste time eating
  4. Lungs- relax airways so can take in more air- more oxygen in blood
  5. Accelerate heartbeat
  6. Most blood vessels constrict- divert away from most parts of body and towards skeletal muscles
  7. Liver- stimulate glucose production from glycogen stores
  8. Stomach- inhibit digestion to save energy
  9. Pancreas- inhibited
  10. Adrenal medulla- stimulates secretion noradrenaline/ adrenaline
  11. Relax urinary bladder
  12. Stimulates orgasm
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16
Q

what is the parasympathetic division involved in

A
  1. Constriction of pupil
  2. Stimulation of saliva
  3. Lungs- Constricts airways
  4. Slows heartbeat
  5. Stomach- stimulate digestion
  6. Pancreas- activate to stimulate release of insulin and digestive enzymes. Allows glucose to be transferred into cells
  7. Dilate blood vessels in blood- as much digestion as possible
  8. Stimulates urinary bladder to contract
  9. Stimulates sexual arousal
  10. activation of vagus nerve causes most responses
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17
Q

vagustoff (Ach experiment)

A
  1. No-one knew if neurotransmission happened because of electrical signal released from nerve which jumped or if chemical
  2. Vagus nerve- responsible for parasympathetic
  3. Stimulate nerve so it fires action potential- heart slows
  4. Suck up fluid from nerve terminal and squirt to another heart- which also slowed
  5. Proves it is chemical transmission
  6. By Otto Loewi
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18
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Nerves everywhere in the body except CNS
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19
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of

A
  1. Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem and spinal cord
20
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord

A
  1. Vertebra- bones

2. Gaps in vertebra- where input and output go to and from spinal cord

21
Q

Give 5 examples of different receptors

A
  1. Mechanoceptors- in skin, respond to touch
  2. Proprioceptors- in muscles, allow sense of posture and stay upright
  3. Nociceptors- painful input
  4. Thermoceptors- temperature
  5. Chemoceptors- different chemical stimuli
    i) In skin- acid etc
    ii) In body- pH in blood, how much O2 in blood
22
Q

What are different types of input to the CNS

A
  1. Touch and visceral input
  2. Sight
  3. Sound
  4. Smell
  5. Taste
23
Q

Which side of the spinal cord does input and output go in and out

A
  1. Input goes to dorsal side of spinal cord through dorsal root
  2. Dorsal= back
  3. Output goes out ventral side of spinal cord through ventral root
  4. Ventral= front
24
Q

What does monosynaptic mean

A

Monosynaptic= one synapse between afferent and efferent neurone

25
Q

Describe difference in structure between sensory and efferent neurons

A
  1. Sensory neurones are unipolar

2. efferent neurones tend to be classic neurone shape multipolar

26
Q

Describe the Monosynaptic spinal reflex

A
  1. Muscle spindles sense how relaxed or contracted skeletal muscles are and send this information to brain
  2. If you tap just under knee it pulls on tendon which pulls on muscle causing it to expand
  3. Have reflex in place to tell muscle to go back to where it was before
  4. So reflex tells muscle to contract
  5. Brain is told what has happened
27
Q

What are the three parts of a reflex arc

A
  1. Receptor
  2. Integrative centre via afferent fibre
  3. Effector via efferent fibre
28
Q

How can you separate different types of neurones

A
  1. Can separate different types of neurones with how thick their axons are and how well they are insulated
  2. Higher classes= thicker axon and thicker myelin sheath
29
Q

What is the difference between descending and ascending pathways

A
  1. Output from brain to spinal cord

2. Input to spinal cord which goes up to brain to cortex (active thinking part of brain)

30
Q

What is a glial cell

A
  1. The glial cells surround neurons and provide support for and insulation between them.
  2. oligodendrocyte and astrocytes are types of glial cells
31
Q

What is the structure and function of astrocytes

A
  1. Star shaped
  2. Acts as a buffer
  3. High concentration of potassium in extracellular space where action potential has been
  4. Astrocytes take up excess potassium ions and then releases them somewhere else where there is not a high concentration
32
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes

A
  1. Make myelin
33
Q

What are the main roles of glial cells

A
  1. Support
  2. Insulation
  3. Buffering and scavenging
  4. Guide developing neurones
  5. Immune response
  6. Blood-brain barrier
34
Q

What is the subarachnoid space

A
  1. surrounds brain
  2. two membranes keep fluid in this space
  3. this fluid goes deep into brain
35
Q

What is the Cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. goes deep into brain and down to spinal cord
  2. go through channels called ventricles
  3. Clear colourless solution
  4. Aqueous solution of NaCL + Glucose (low conc of K+ and Ca2+)
36
Q

What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. Allow nerves to be bathed in solution
  2. Buoyancy and cushioning
  3. Compensation of changes in brain volume
  4. Diagnosis- lumbar puncture
  5. Drug delivery- epidural
  6. Hydrocephalus – babies born with too much CSF can cause compression of brain if untreated
37
Q

What produces the cerebrospinal fluid

A
  1. Constantly produced by chotoid plexus
38
Q

Describe the blood supply to the CNS

A
  1. All parts of brain have access to blood
  2. Blood-brain barrier-
  3. Blood vessel wall in blood supply to brain is very tight, no gap between cells= very impermeable,
  4. O2 can get through but not much else
  5. Stops bacteria and viruses potentially getting into the brain- very unlikely to have infection of brain
  6. Microglia act to kill bacteria and viruses if they were to get in
39
Q

Innervates tissue not under voluntary control

A
  1. Smooth muscle- blood vessels, lungs, intestines
  2. Glandular tissue- glands
  3. Cardiac muscle- in heart
40
Q

What does innervates mean

A
  1. Innervates means receives input
41
Q

What is a ganglion

A
  1. Ganglion- collection of cell bodies (nerves)
42
Q

What effect does the adrenal medulla have

A
  1. Only has one long axon which stimulates Ach

2. This activates nicotine receptors which activates adrenal medulla which causes noradrenaline to be released?

43
Q

Give an example of a nicotinic Ach receptor

A
  1. glutamate GABA
44
Q

Give an example of Muscarinic Ach receptor

A
  1. adrenoreceptor- intracellular signalling protein
45
Q

What are the different types of G-protein-coupled receptors

A
  1. Gs-coupled: activates adenylate cyclase – leading to production of cAMP
  2. Gi/Go-coupled: inhibits adenylate cyclase. Also effects on ion channels
  3. Gq-coupled: activates phospholipase C – leading to production of IP3
46
Q

What are muscarinic receptor subtypes

A
  1. M-1, neural and found in CNS, Coupled with IP-3
  2. M-2, cardiac and found in heart, coupled with cAMP
  3. M-3, glandular and found in smooth muscle, coupled with IP-3

PA10315 COPY (48 decks)

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