The healthy body

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

1. The regulation of the body’s internal environment to an approximately constant rate.
2. Homeostasis is a dynamic equilibrium process
3. Physiological variables can change a lot of 24 hours but system in overall balance

Question 2

Give examples of homeostasis in the body.

Answer 2

Osmolarity, nutrients, water, sodium, calcium, oxygen and hormones.

Question 3

What is the range for body temperature and pH?

Answer 3

35.5-37.7 degrees celsius.

pH- 7.4

Question 4

What is the ideal blood pressure?

Answer 4

120/70-80 - male

110/65-70- female

Question 5

What is the ideal range for heartrate?

Answer 5

80bpm- female

70bpm- male

Question 6

What does the physiology mean, in relation to homeostasis?

Answer 6

Used if the body is health, and homeostasis is maintained

Question 7

What does the word pathophysiology mean, in relation to homeostasis?

Answer 7

Used if the body is not healthy, and homeostasis is not maintained

Question 8

What is a disruptor?

Answer 8

Stimuli that cause a change in balance.

Question 9

What is detection?

Answer 9

Alerting the body that a change has occurred.

Question 10

What are effectors?

Answer 10

Carry out a response to return the body to the original state and restore the balance.

Question 11

What is a stimulus response sequence/reflex?

Answer 11

The pathway of stimuli, detectors and effectors restoring the balance of the body.

Question 12

What is the fluid around/between cells called?

Answer 12

Interstitial fluid.

Question 13

What does health mean?

Answer 13

That all parts of the body are functioning properly.

Question 14

What is the biomedical model of health?

Answer 14

1. The idea that the body is like a machine - interconnected but can all be treated separately.
2. Illness if a malfunction of the parts of the body which is measurable- use objective assessments to identify illness
3. It has an emphasis on scientific methods and knowledge
4. But not always objective measurement which matches up to the patient’s experience

Question 15

What other factors can affect general health?

Answer 15

Eating/drinking habits, genetics and gender.

Question 16

What is the biopsychosocial model of health?

Answer 16

1. The idea that the state of mind can affect susceptibility to illness and disease.
   illnesses have underlying biological causes
2. Different people react differently
3. State of mind (e.g. stress) can affect your susceptibility to illness and disease
4. Cultural and social reasons as well

Question 17

What is the common-sense model of illness?

Answer 17

The psychological equivalent of homeostasis.

Question 18

What is the idea of the illness iceberg?

Answer 18

That only a small number of symptoms can actually be seen by doctors.

Question 19

What is the medic students disease?

Answer 19

The idea that medics can catch negative behaviour from other medics - an anxious mood environment.

Question 20

What is symptom identity?

Answer 20

Beliefs concerning the illness label/diagnosis and associated symptoms of the illness.

Question 21

why do we need optimum pH and temp

Answer 21

for biochemical reactions to take place

Question 22

Why does homeostasis matter

Answer 22

idea of mass conservation means total amount of substance X= (intake + production)-(excretion-metabolism)

Question 23

positive feedback

Answer 23

1. cascade

2. increasing effect of disturbing stimulus- blood clotting

Question 24

negative feedback

Answer 24

system shuts off once endpoint reached

Question 25

what is body fluid

Answer 25

1. Watery solution of dissolved substances (oxygen) present in the body
2. Fluid in the blood and surrounding cells is extracellular fluid
3. Fluid that lies around and between cells is known as the interstitial fluid,
4. Fluid inside the cells is intracellular fluid

Question 26

ECF =

Answer 26

plasma (fluid portion of blood) + ISF

Question 27

how does the biomedical model of health match out experiences?

Answer 27

it doesn’t, health relates to behaviours

Question 28

What does the World Health Organisation define health as?

Answer 28

state of physical, mental and social wellbeing, not merely the absence of disease

Question 29

Self Regulatory model

Answer 29

1. examines relationship between individuals cognitive representation of their illness and subsequent coping behaviour
2. (psychological version of homeostasis)

Question 30

factors affecting symptom perception

Answer 30

1. demographics,
2. personality traits,
3. environment,
4. mood,
5. social factors eg men more susceptible to heart disease
6. education

Question 31

What are illness cognitions

Answer 31

a person’s own common self beliefs and thoughts about their health and illness

Question 32

When we experience a sign/symptom what are the 5 domains we think about it in?

Answer 32

1. identity- symptoms
2. cause- being sneezed on, hereditary factors, stress
3. timeline (acute- limited duration, cyclic- episodes come and go, chronic-long term)
4. consequences- effect of illness
5. curability and controllability- beliefs concerning the extent to which the illness can be controlled or cured through the treatment measures and behaviours.

Question 33

What is the formula for mass conservation

Answer 33

total amount of substance X= (intake + production) – (excretion – metabolism)

Question 34

What are the parts of negative feedback

Answer 34

1. Balance
2. Disruptor (stimulus)
3. Detection
4. Response (effector)
5. Balance

Question 35

Give an example of a social explanation to health

Answer 35

1. food and environment- social
2. 100 years ago infectious diseases caused majority of death but now lack of exercise, unhealthy food, alcohol increased other disease

Question 36

Give an example of a cultural explanation to health

Answer 36

1. Homosexuality

Question 37

Describe the self regulatory model

Answer 37

1. All think about health differently (influenced by socio-cultural context and individual difference factors)
2. Emotional response to illness
3. Coping response- going to bed, see doctor (decision depends on ask opinions, wait and see, critical incident, expectation to action)
4. Appraisal- looking at what you’ve done and has it made you feel better.

Question 38

Give examples of how developing effective treatments requires an understanding of human behaviour and how people experience health and illness

Answer 38

1. Antibiotic resistance- over prescribing,

2. Adherence- dose, side effects, formulation, colour, illness cognitions