The Gut Microbiota ad Microbiome

Question 1

What was the findings in the Commensal Bacterial paper?

Answer 1

Antibiotic treatment abolished mating preference suggesting that the fly microbiota was responsible for the phenomenon

Question 2

What does the human microbiota consist of?

Answer 2

All microorganisms inhabiting our body including viruses, prokaryotes, protozoa and fungi

Question 3

How many cells are in the body?

Answer 3

10^18 cells

Question 4

What special system can microbiota be referred to as?

Answer 4

Pseudo-organ

same mass as the liver

Question 5

What is a genome?

Answer 5

The complete genetic material of an organism

Question 6

What is a proteome?

Answer 6

The full complement of all proteins

Question 7

Glyco(proteo)me

Answer 7

Full complement of sugars/glycoproteins

Question 8

Kinome

Answer 8

Full complement of kinases

Question 9

Metallone

Answer 9

All the metals found in an organism

Question 10

Metallproteome

Answer 10

All metalloproteins found

Question 11

Transcriptome

Answer 11

All possible mRNA transcripts

Question 12

Exome

Answer 12

Complete coding region of a genome

Question 13

Microbiome

Answer 13

Genes from all possible microbes living in a particular niche

Question 14

What is bioinformatics?

Answer 14

A new field created to analyze this data

Question 15

What does the human microbiome consist of?

Answer 15

Genes in these microorganisms inhabiting our body including viruses, prokaryotes and protozoa
More than 100x more unique genes that human genome

Question 16

Where are some locations of microbiota in the gut?

Answer 16

Stomach, doudenum, jejunum, ileum, distal and proximal colon

Question 17

What do you need to consider about microbiota or microbiome?

Answer 17

Local (microbiotia - specific to tissue/region)
Core (microbiotia - community population)
Metagenome (microbiome - encoded genes)
Core metagenome (pool of genes common in community)
Mobile metagenome (mobile genetic elements which can transfer antiobiotic resistance

Question 18

How do you examine a core metagenome - organism?

Answer 18

Metatransciptomics (gene expression) and metaproteomics (protein expression)

Question 19

What types of bacteria would you expect to see in the gut?

Answer 19

Firmicutes (Clostridia and Eubacteria)

Bacteroidetes (Bacteroides)

Question 20

What are the types of techniques in which microbiotic are study?

Answer 20

FISH
T-RFLP
Real-time PCR
Phylogenetic Microarray 
Pyrosequencing

Question 21

What are some problem with studying the metagenome of the GI tract?

Answer 21

Contamination, artifacts, sampling, spatial/temporal variability, standardization

Question 22

What is the field of metagenomics designed to identify the genetic determinants involved in health and promoting probiotic bacteria?

Answer 22

Probiogenomics

Question 23

Enterotype

Answer 23

Clusters if bacterial species that are shared among different groups of people

Question 24

What are diagnostic biomarkers?

Answer 24

12 bacterial genes which significantly correlation with human age and three functional modules (genes) with correlate with BMI

Question 25

Dysbiosis

Answer 25

Abnormal microbial ecosystem in host

Question 26

What does the dysbiosis correlate to?

Answer 26

Cause and progression of a number of disease states

Question 27

When you treat a GI issue what is actually happening?

Answer 27

The pt and the microbiota are being treated for "microecological disease"

Question 28

How do neonate tissues adapt to the challenges of microbial colonization?

Answer 28

Colostrum and breast milk contain live microbes, metabolites, IgA, immune cells and cytokines

Question 29

What does IgA do when transmitted from mother to baby?

Answer 29

Restricts immune activation and microbial attachment

Question 30

What is the developing immune system characterized by?

Answer 30

Blunted inflammatory cytokine production and skewed T and B cell development in favor of regulatory responses

Question 31

What does the microbiota help stimulate in terms of structure?

Answer 31

Secondary lymphoid structure developement like Peyer's patches or CD4+ cells

Question 32

What promotes the induction of regulatory T cells by direct sensing of microbial products or metabolites?

Answer 32

Commensals

Question 33

The capacity for microbiotic to stimulate innate responses is part of ______ immunity.

Answer 33

Adaptive

Question 34

Which extracellular pathogenic bacteria is one of the largest producers of human diseases of microbiota?

Answer 34

Group A strep

Question 35

What are the two cells GAS delivers into cells once in adhered in mammals?

Answer 35

Streptolysis O and S

Question 36

In the lung microbiota and dietary treatment paper was the final point?

Answer 36

These studies provide evidence that LDP exposure enhances the HFD metabolic effects

Question 37

How could microbiota influence obesity?

Answer 37

It can increase serum levels of glucose and SCFAs which can induce triglyceride production in the liver The microbiota regulates angiopoietin-like protein 4 (Fiaf) - fasting-induced adipose factor which regulates fatty acids oxidation in both muscle and adipose tissue

Question 38

What are some way that have bee attempted to have bacteria "fix" things?

Answer 38

Probiotics, prebiotics as sunbiotics Phage and virus Narrow spectrum antibiotics