The Origin And Diversification Of Eukaryotes

Question 1

What is the dichotomy of cells

Answer 1

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 2

Which cell came first

Answer 2

Prokaryotes

Question 3

What is something shown in the first slide that eukaryotic cells can do that prokaryotic can not?

Answer 3

A drastic change in shape to engulf another cell

Certain eukaryotic cells can do this because of a complex cytoskeleton

Question 4

What does cytoskeleton mean

What is it made up of

Answer 4

Skeleton of the cell

It is a framework to keep things in place in the cell.

Continuously changing structure

It is a complex set of proteins 3 sets

Microtubials
Intermediate filaments
Microfilaments

Question 5

When did eukaryotic cells come into existence

Answer 5

At least we About 1.8 bya based on fossil evidence

There was a variety of cell fossils at this time suggesting that the first eukaryotes must have come earlier

Question 6

What happened about 1.8 to 1.3 bya for eukaryotes that is it’s on category

Answer 6

The initial eukaryotes and then diversification

All unicellular but developing cell types

Question 7

1.3 bya to 750 mya

Answer 7

Appearance of novel feature or things that didn’t exist before

Evolution of eukaryotic photosynthesis

First sexual reproducing organisms

True complex multicellularity- not just multiple cells but multiple types doing different stuff - everything is still small however

Question 8

From about 635 mya to present is where what happened to eukaryotes?

Answer 8

Animals plants and fungi came about

Question 9

How did eukaryotic cells come to be

Answer 9

Based on cell theory

Eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells that evolved

Question 10

What is a differences in the name between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 10

Membrane bounded organelles and membrane bounded nucleons

Question 11

Prokaryotes to eukaryote

Answer 11

An anaerobic Archean, didn’t not undergo aerobic respiration, was a free living cell eating other things didn’t have nucleus

Nucleor envelope evolved, the plasma membrane has envaginasions that fold towards the DNA rapping around nicleoid until it’s enclosed

Question 12

The nucleus in a eukaryotic cell that explains how it came from prokaryotes based on the membrane

Answer 12

There is two membranes - the nucleor envelope is two phospholipid bilayer
And then the pinch off leads to eneoplamic reticulum

Question 13

Endosymbiotic theory

For appearance of mitochondria and chloroplast

Answer 13

Engulfed bacterium survived being eaten and lived inside cell- endosymbiosis

This bacteria was capable of aerobic respiration
Phagocytosis

First mitochondria. - also are doubly membrane bounded. Outer membrane is like cell. Inner is like membrane of bacterium. Own DNA( linear chromosomes) in nucleus, mitochondrial ( circular chromosomes) DNA. Cell has ribosomes and then mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondria reproduce themselves through binary fusion

Now doing aerobic cellular respiration inside cell

Same thing happened with a photosynthetic bacterium leading to the chloroplast- this came later cause not all eukaryotes are photosynthetic

Question 14

Phagocytosis

Answer 14

The process of a cell eating another cell

Rapping blasma membrane around the thing being engulfed - then the piece of plasma membrane encoded the thing(bacterium) engulfed

First mitochondria. - also are doubly membrane bounded. Outer membrane is like cell. Inner is like membrane of bacterium. Own DNA( linear chromosomes) in nucleus, mitochondrial ( circular chromosomes) DNA. Cell has ribosomes and then mitochondrial ribosomes. Mitochondria reproduce themselves through binary fusion

Now doing aerobic cellular respiration inside cell

Question 15

Cereal endosymbiosis

Answer 15

Primary endosymbiosis leads to another secondary and multiple membranes of the plastid

Question 16

Colonial life of eukaryotes lead to

Answer 16

Evolved to make cells stick together making it easier to survive

This lead to cell types to diversify and multicellular organisms to come into existence

Question 17

All animals are

Answer 17

Multicellular

Question 18

Clade monophyletic

Answer 18

A taxon than include an ancestral or to everything and all the descendants

Question 19

What is the sister taxon to animals

Answer 19

Choanoflagellates

Question 20

Chanoflagellates are closely related to

Answer 20

Sponges. The choanocytes pretty much identical also DNA evidence

Question 21

What defines a proteins function

Answer 21

The order of amino acids determines it conformation which gives it their function.

Domains- certain part of the protein giving its shape “CCD domain in animals”

Question 22

Cadherans

Answer 22

Proteins important in animals that allow adjacent cells to anchor them together. Important for multicellular organisms

Question 23

Domains of proteins

Answer 23

Are the part of a protein that gives it its function like a functional groups of and type of molecules

Question 24

Coanoflagellates don’t have

Answer 24

Ccd domain

And cadherans

Question 25

What are the four major subgroups within domain eukaryotes

Answer 25

Excavata “SAR” Clade Unikonta Archaeplastida

Question 26

Protists

Answer 26

Informal group Any eukaryote that is not an animal plant or fungus

Question 27

Alga ( plural for algae)

Answer 27

Any photosynthetic protist So not a plant

Question 28

SAR

Answer 28

Straminapiles Alvelotes Rhizerlans

Question 29

Excavata

Answer 29

Get their name for excavated ridge on cell surface a lot of them have it Vast majority are unicellular Some are parasitic Some are photosynthetic

Question 30

Animals are what sub group of domain eukaryea

Answer 30

Unikonta

Question 31

Protists have the most elaborate what if all life

Answer 31

Cells and their shape

Question 32

All strominapiles are

Answer 32

Photosynthetic | Brown algae and diatoms make up strominapiles

Question 33

How do diatoms make their outside

Answer 33

Excreted by the cell that lives inside it Makes a case that’s two part around the cell Made out of silicone dioxide or glass. Different shapes The shell allows for protection. There is wholes so cell can communicate with surroundings

Question 34

What is the elaborateness of prokaryotes

Answer 34

Their biochemistry

Question 35

Brown algae

Answer 35

Apart of strominapiles No roots but have holdfasts Stipe Blades

Question 36

Alveoli means what

Answer 36

Little sack

Question 37

Alvelotes in the SAR clade

Answer 37

Some are parasitic | Photosynthetic

Question 38

Celium means what

Answer 38

Hair Is used by cells for locomotion and beat back and forth to propel cell through medium Some are ciliated and stuck to the surface like the epithelium in body that is made up of ciliated cells that make mucus Cilia sweeps the Debree that gets stuck and send it to the stomach

Question 39

Chromatophore is what

Answer 39

A kind of chloroplast Maybe a second engulfing of an aerobic bacterium Rhizerian

Question 40

Archaeplastidida

Answer 40

Means old plastids All photosynthetic Red algae Chlorophytes -green algae Charophyte -green algae Land plants All have plastids because they are photosynthetic

Question 41

Pigments

Answer 41

A molecular that’s able to absorbed light at a certain wave length Required for photosynthesis

Question 42

Paramecium

Answer 42

An example of an alvelote | Specifically a ciliate

Question 43

R part of SAR is the Rizarions

Answer 43

Idk 1:03

Question 44

What makes the difference in brow red or green algae

Answer 44

Particular pigment used by the organism. A particular light observed by they organism They look different colors to us because of the light that strikes them They absorb some colors and reflect colors that we see

Question 45

Which is most closely related to plants charophytes or chlorophytes. Both of which are green algae

Answer 45

Charophytes are most closely related

Question 46

Slime molds

Answer 46

Blurred the line between uniceellularity and multicellularity Asexual and sexual part of their life cycle Closely related to humans. They are haploid individuals who

Question 47

Amoeba

Answer 47

Any cell that moves by pseudopodial locomotion ( false feet) Acts like a leg to walk on then gets put back into the cell

Question 48

Lifestyle of slime molds

Answer 48

They will live part of their life as unicellular and the if the co situons are good ie moisture and food, they will reproduce sexually Haploid amoebas can act as gametes to produce a diploid zygote , and then the unicellular zygote immediately undergoes meiosis, unlike humans, to produce more cells If food runs out or water dries up they become multicellular millions of amoebas coming together into a mass, looks like snot The snot will go to better conditions where some of the cells will die out and then and stock forms with fruiting bodies that produce more amoebas asexually

Question 49

What does a community have to have

Answer 49

Producers because consumers need the producers

Question 50

Prokaryotic produces

Answer 50

Phytoplankton-photosynthetic plankton Plankton refers to really small organisms that drifts in the ocean Phyto means plant but they are not plants Zooplankton- plankton the consume phytoplankton

Question 51

Top position of food chain is what

Answer 51

A precarious position to be In Because it a dangerous place if if something goes wrong. They are the most likely to go extinct if they are on top of trophic structure

Question 52

Mutualistic symbiosis

Answer 52

Benefits both the host and the one living within like and termite and the unikont within that helps break down cellulose in wood