Unit 2

Question 1

Epithelial cells

Answer 1

Skin cells that do not live very long

Question 2

Plasma membrane helps with what

Answer 2

Ensures cells structure integrity
Regulates flow of materials into/ out of cell
Maintain chemical composition of the cytoplasm
Participated in cellular communication
Forms a cellular identification system
Aids in the cell metabolic process

Question 3

Glycoprotein

Answer 3

Sugar hooked up with protein/ any class of proteins that have carbohydrate groups attached to the polypeptide chain

Question 4

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 4

Explains various observations regarding the structure of functional cell membrane. Also shows what’s floating in the cell membrane ( proteins such as phospholipids and sometimes cholesterol float)

Question 5

Mosaic

Answer 5

Bunch of things put together

Question 6

What are some functions of the membrane proteins

Answer 6

Transport
Enzymatic activity
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular

Question 7

What role do phospholipids play in the cell membrane

Answer 7

They form the majority of the molecules

They form a bilayer when surrounded by water

Question 8

Selective permeability

Answer 8

Selective about what is let’s in the cell. This is important so it does let let anything harmful in

Question 9

Diffusion

Answer 9

Molecules have instrinsic kinetic energy which allows them to diffuse or spread out; net movement of molecules is from an area of high concentration of the substance to a low concentration until an equilibrium is reached

Question 10

Concentration gradient

Answer 10

A depiction of the movement of a substance from either a low to high or high to low area of concentration. Usually uses a triangle from base as high to tip being low

Question 11

Passive transport

Answer 11

Simple diffusion across membrane For example oxygen or urea

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

Diffusion of solvent across selectively permeable membrane from a low concentration of solutes to a high concentration of solute

Question 13

Hypertonic solution/ environment compared to cell

Answer 13

Water from cell will be flowing from cell to higher concentration of solutes to create an equilibrium

Question 14

Hypotonic solution/ environment compared to the cell

Answer 14

Diffusion of solvent across the cell membrane to the area in the cell of higher solute concentration to reach an equilibrium

Question 15

Isotonic

Answer 15

Both cell and solution contain equal solutes compared to each other

Question 16

osmotic pressure

Answer 16

The pressure that would be needed to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passions into a given solution by osmosis. Mostly used to express the concentration of a solution

Question 17

Crenated

Answer 17

A process from the result of osmosis that causes a red blood cell in a hypertonic environment to undergo shrinkage

Question 18

Cell walls are mainly composed of?

Answer 18

Cellulose -chains of glucose monomers-polysaccharide

Question 19

How many amino acids are there?

Answer 19

20 amino acids

Question 20

Amino acid is what?

Answer 20

A simple organic compound containing both a carboxyl(-COOH) and an amino (-NH₂) group

Question 21

What makes amino acids differ from each other?

Answer 21

The R group or side chain that it attaches to the carbon

Question 22

Amino acid with a charge is?

Answer 22

Ionized.     H 
                   |
      \+H3N-C-Coo-
                   |
                   R

Question 23

An amino acid with no charge is called?

Answer 23

Non ionized
H
|
H2N-C-COOH

Question 24

Greek letter for partial charge

Answer 24

δ− or δ+

These are created due to an asymmetric distribution of bonded electrons. For ex. In HCl covalent bond the shared electrons oscillate between the atoms

Question 25

The acidic group in amino acid is what functional group?

Answer 25

Carboxyl

Question 26

What is the amino group?

Answer 26

NH2

Question 27

Peptide

Answer 27

A compound consisting of two or more amino acids linked in a chain, the carboxyl group of each acid being joined to the amino group of the next

Question 28

Primary protein structure

Answer 28

Peptide Bonds with that are ionized

Question 29

Secondary protein structure

Answer 29

Folding or cooking of the polypeptide into a repeating configuration. Helix or pleated. Cause by hydrogen bonds

Question 30

Tertiary protein structure

Answer 30

Bother helical and pleated shapes together to from a 3D shaped that can be held together by things like disulfide bonds. R groups interactions and amino groups interactions form this

Question 31

Quaternary

Answer 31

Protein structure that results from the aggregation of two or more polypeptide subunits

Question 32

Denaturation

Answer 32

Taking all the properties( secondary and tertiary ) away. They are being disrupted. This can sometimes.l be reversed or or reversed. Like frying an egg is irreversible but straightening your hairs can be reversed reversed is renaturation

Question 33

What causes renaturation or denaturation

Answer 33

Can occur by changes in temperature pH or salt

Question 34

Transmembrane

Answer 34

Existing or occurring across cell membrane

Question 35

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 35

Proteins helps make substance move across membrane through this process.

Question 36

Passive transport

Answer 36

Doesn’t need energy for moving substances across membrane

Question 37

Channel proteins

Answer 37

Allows certain molecule to cross ie. aquoporins only for water

Question 38

Carrier protein

Answer 38

Bonds to molecule, changes the shape and then spits it out. Ie. sugars

Question 39

An+/K+ pump

Answer 39

Actice transport. Requires ATP 70% of energy from glucose in the brain is used for this pump. The steps 1 binding of NA to the protein stimulates phosphorylation 2. Phosph. Causes the protein to change its confirmation 3. The protein change expels NA to the outside of cells where extracellular K bonds 4. K binding to the protein causes phosphate group to be released 5. Loss of phosphate from proton makes it go back to original conformation 6. K is released and NA sites are receptive again so cycle repeats

Question 40

ATP stands for what?

Answer 40

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 41

Cells fractionation

Answer 41

Takes cells apart and separates the major organelles from one another

Question 42

What are the two cell types

Answer 42

Eukaryotic(with a true nucleus) Prokaryotic (before a true nucleus) Eukaryotic are generally bigger

Question 43

True nucleus means

Answer 43

Has a nuclear membrane

Question 44

Examples of prokaryotes

Answer 44

Bacteria archea -hangs out in old places

Question 45

Phagocyte

Answer 45

A cell that’s capable of engulfing other cells or bacteria

Question 46

Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have?

Answer 46

Cell membrane Fluid called cytosol Chromosomes that hold dna Ribosomes than make protein cells