The Renal System

Question 1

Anuria

Answer 1

non-passage of urine

Question 2

Oliguria

Answer 2

low output of urine (less that 400ml/day or 2 cups)

Question 3

Diuresis

Answer 3

increase in urination rate

Question 4

Diuretic

Answer 4

drugs that increase urine production

Question 5

Electrolytes

Answer 5

charged particle ion that conducts an electrical current in an aqueous solution

Question 6

Blood chemistry

Answer 6

urea and electrolytes

Question 7

Dysuria

Answer 7

pain or discomfort when passing urine

Question 8

Nocturia

Answer 8

need to wake up to pass urine at night

Question 9

Micturition

Answer 9

process of urination

Question 10

Pyelitis

Answer 10

infection of renal pelvis and calices

Question 11

Pyelonephritis

Answer 11

infection of the whole kidney

Question 12

Urology

Answer 12

study of urinary system

Question 13

Ureters

Answer 13

long tubes that take urine from the kidney to the bladder

Question 14

Bladder

Answer 14

for storage and elimination of urine

Question 15

Urethrea

Answer 15

passageway for discharging urine

Question 16

Which comes first the efferent arteriole or afferent arteriole?

Answer 16

afferent

Question 17

What does the nephron consist of?

Answer 17

• glomerulus
• Bowman’s capsule
• proximal convoluted tubule
• Loop of Henle
• distal convoluted tubule
• collecting duct

Question 18

What are the 3 stages of urine formation?

Answer 18

Stage 1 - Glomerular filtration
Stage 2 - Tubular reabsorption
Stage 3 - Tubular secretion and urine production

Question 19

Glomerular filtration

Answer 19

movements of H2O and solutes from flood into filtrate under pressure (passive process)

Question 20

Tubular reabsorption

Answer 20

return of useful substances and water from filtrate into the blood

Question 21

Tubular secretion and urine production

Answer 21

active removal of unwanted substances/wastes from the blood into filtrate

Question 22

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)?

Answer 22

125ml/min

Question 23

What is the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) maintained by?

Answer 23

autoregulation

Question 24

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

Answer 24

the rate at which the kidney/nephron filters blood

Question 25

What does an increase in ADH result in?

Answer 25

greater reabsorption leading to less urine

Question 26

What does a decrease in ADH result in?

Answer 26

less reabsorption leading to more urine

Question 27

What does ADH (anti-diuretic hormone) influence?

Answer 27

permeability of the collecting duct

Question 28

What are (5) red flags of common pathologies of the Renal System?

Answer 28

- anuria - dysuria with fever, flank pain, back pain or weakness of legs - haematuria (especially if over 50 with hypertension and oedema) - polyuria with sudden onset, young child with night sweats and weight loss - signs of sexual abuse (especially for children)

Question 29

Common pathologies of the Renal System

Answer 29

- Nocturia - Oliguria - Polyuria - Proteinuria (albuminuria) - Renal colic - Urinary frequency - Calculi – kidney, bladder and ureteral stones - Enuresis (bed wetting) - Nephritis (Bright’s disease) – glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis - Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumour) - Prostate cancer - Pyelitis inflammation of pelvis of the kidney caused by bacterial infections - Renal failure - Uremia - Urinary incontinence - Urinary tract infection (UTI) – upper UTIs (infection of kidneys eg. pyelonephritis or ureteritis) or lower UTIs (infections of urethra (urethritis) or bladder (cystitis).