The Reproductive System Flashcards
(39 cards)
What are red flags common pathologies of the male reproductive system?
- Isolated swelling, nodules or cysts
- Painful swelling or scrotal pain (check for inflammation)
- Sores that do not heal
- Purulent urethral discharge or bleeding
- Blood in the semen for more than 1 month
- Erectile dysfunction with numbness or paraesthesia in groin or saddle area
- Persistent abnormal erection without sexual desire (priapism) esp. if accompanied with night sweat, pain, fever or following a trauma
- Any signs of sexual abuse (children & adults)
What is benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
- noncancerous enlargement of prostate gland
- causes difficulty in urination, risk of developing kidney stones and UTI
- linked to changes in testosterone (for older men)
What is epididymitis and what causes it?
inflammation of the epididymis
caused by:
- groin injury
- STI or mumps
- heavy lifting and straining can cause backflow of urine to the epididymis
What are signs and symptoms of epididymis?
- Testicular pain
- Swelling
- Inflammation
- Penile discharge
- Bleeding
- Lower abdominal pain
- Pain in urination
- Urgency or increased frequency of urination
What is impotence (erectile dysfunction) caused by?
atherosclerosis, diabetes, nerve damage, illness, stress, or fatigue
What are signs and symptoms of penile cancer?
- Thickening of skin
- Sore
- Discolouration of skin
- Lump
- Bleeding
- Discharge
What are some risk factors of penile cancer?
- HPV
- HIV infection
- poor hygiene
- cigarette smoking
What is prostate cancer?
a very slow growing cancer that begins with a small bump in a prostate gland, which is asymptomatic until advanced stages
What are signs and symptoms of prostate cancer?
- difficulty urinating
- urinary urgency and frequency
- haematuria
- inability to urinate in end stage
What is prostatitis?
inflammation of prostate gland usually caused by bacterial infections
What are the signs and symptoms of prostatitis?
- muscle spasms in bladder and pelvis
- pain in lower back, perineum and testes
- burning and painful urination
What are the signs and symptoms of testicular cancer?
- irregularly shaped testes with solid growing lump
- unknown causes, but seems to be more common in men with undescended testes in early childhood
What are red flags common pathologies of the female reproductive system?
- Vaginal discharge with change in colour, itching, pain and smell
- Pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia)
- Bleeding (not expected)
- Absence or cessation of menstruation for no known reason
- Pelvic pain (esp. if persistent)
- Lymphadenopathy of inguinal nodes
- Urinary incontinence
- Development of male pattern hair growth and other muscular physical traits (virilisation)
- Vaginal or pelvic pain with chills, fever, nausea, vomiting, low blood pressure, tachycardia, fainting
- Any signs of sexual abuse
What is breast cancer?
present with a lump, bumps, soreness, dimpling and leathery appearance of skin over the lump
What are risks of breast cancer?
- old age
- family history
- never having had a baby
What is candidiasis?
thrush, yeast infection
What is cervical cancer caused by?
HPV through sexual intercourse
What are the signs and symptoms of cervical cancer?
- asymptomatic until later stage
- heavy bleeding on menstruation
- bleeding between periods or after intercourse
What are some examples of STDs?
- chlamydia
- syphilis
- HPV
- HIV
- trichomoniasis
- vaginitis
- toxic shock syndrome
What is mastitis?
breast inflammation caused by bacterial infection
What are fibroids?
benign tumours consisting of muscles and fibrous tissues, which can develop in the muscular walls of the uterus causing pain, heaviness in pelvic area and excessive bleeding
What are the signs and symptoms of endometriosis?
- pelvic pain
- irregular menstrual cycle
- severe bleeding and cramping
What is ectopic pregnancy?
foetus develops outside the uterus
What are risk factors for pelvic girdle dysfunction?
- prostate surgery
- age
- pregnancy & childbirth
- genetics
- hysterectomy
- pelvic floor injury
- increased abdominal pressure
- constipation
- intense physical effort
- obesity
- history of back pain
