Theme 1 - Population Flashcards
(38 cards)
birth rate
total number of births per 1000 people
death rate
total number of deaths per 1000 people
fertility rate
average number of births each female would have during her reproductive years
mean years of schooling
average number of completed years of education in a population
overpopulation
when there are too many people and not enough resources for a high standard of living
underpopulation
when there are not enough people to fully exploit the available resources
optimum population
when the population of a country is fully utilising its available resources for the highest standard of living possible
carrying capacity
number of people who can live in a region of country before over-crowding leads to the deterioration in the standard of living and depletion of resources
population ceiling
saturation level where the population equals the carrying capacity
population distribution
the pattern of where people live
population density
average number of people living in an area per km^2
population growth rate
difference between birth and death rate
natural increase
(In population)
when the number of births exceeds the number of deaths
natural decrease
in population
when the number of deaths exceeds the number of births
causes of falling birth rates
- availability of contraception
- more women working
- girls are educated, marry later
- reduction of infant mortality
- increased family planning education
- less need for children as a labour source
causes of falling death rates
- healthcare improvements
- increased availability of medicine + doctors
- better food quality
- better water sources
- improved sanitation + hygeine
- reduction of wars and conflicts
stages of the demographic transition model
Stage 1: high birth and death rates, population growth rate is low. Health conditions are poor and child mortality rates are high
Stage 2: countries industrialise and healthcare + sanitation improve. death rates decline, birth rates remain high. There is a rapid increase in population growth rate.
Stage 3: industrialisation continues and education levels rise. birth rates decline, death rates remain low. Slow growth rate and a stable population size.
CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger
Introduction
- Niger is a country in West Africa
- Has increased from 3 million to 25 million since 1960
- high birth rare and decreasing death rate
CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger
Causes
- increased urbanisation -> better healthcare and food supply
- better clean water supply
- free healthcare for pregnant women -> mother and baby survival rates improved
CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger
Impacts
- large dependent population (15 years and below)
- increased pressure on schools + healthcare services
- increased rural->urban migration seeking work -> development of slums and illegal settlements
- food shortages
CASE STUDY: Rapid population growth in Niger
Management
- abolishment of child marriages
- improving education access
- improving healthcare access
- increased family planning education
- married and/or pregnant women can still go to school
Impacts of Overpopulation
- pollution levels increased
- crime rates
- unemployment
- food shortages
- pressure on services e.g. schools and hospitals
CASE STUDY: Overpopulation in Nigeria
Introduction
Nigeria is a country in West Africa
- has many resources like oil, gas, iron ore and zinc
- however, these are mostly owned by foreign companies
- therefore, not enough resources to support the population
CASE STUDY: Overpopulation in Nigeria
Causes
- high fertility rate: 5.5 children per women
- large families are traditionally + religiously valued
- children used as economic assets
- lack of family planning education and contraception
- decreasing death rate + increased life expectancy
