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Geography > Theme 2 - Earthquakes and Volcanoes > Flashcards

Theme 2 - Earthquakes and Volcanoes Flashcards

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1
Q

plate boundary / margin

A

The point where two or more plates meet

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2
Q

crust

A

the solid rock layer that forms the outermost layer of a planet

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3
Q

mantle

A

the thick, mostly solid layer of Earth that sits between the crust and the core

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4
Q

outer core

A

the liquid layer of the Earth’s core, located between the mantle and the inner core

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5
Q

inner core

A

the innermost layer of the Earth

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6
Q

convection current

A

heat driven cycles that drive the movement of Earth’s tectonic plates in the planet’s mantle

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7
Q

lithosphere

A

the solid, rigid, outermost layer of the Earth, made up of the crust and the upper mantle

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8
Q

subduction zone

A

where two tectonic plates collide and one slides beneath the other, diving back into the mantle

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9
Q

oceanic crust

A

the part of the crust that makes up the seafloor

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10
Q

continental crust

A

the part of the crust that makes up the continents

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11
Q

role of friction in tectonics

A

tectonic plates can shift and grind against each other, snagging on each other due to friction

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12
Q

destructive plate boundary

A

involves an oceanic plate and a continental plate

moving towards each other

oceanic plate subducts as it is more dense

earthquakes occur along subduction zone

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13
Q

collision plate boundary

A

continental + continental

neither can subduct as they are same density

buckle upwards, forming fold mountains

earthquakes occur due to friction

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14
Q

constructive plate boundary

A

also known as divergent

oceanic + oceanic

moving apart

magma rises through the gap in crust, forming volcanic islands

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15
Q

rift valley

A

a lowland region that forms where Earth’s tectonic plates move apart, or rift

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16
Q

hot spot

A

a magma plume that forms in the middle of a plate, causing it to melt and rising through the crust, forming a volcanic island

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17
Q

conservative plate boundary

A
  • any two types of plate
  • moving alongside each other
  • different directions + different speeds
  • plates lock together due to friction
  • pressure builds, rock eventually snaps
  • sudden snapping rock + release of pressure causes earthquake
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18
Q

magnitude

A

size of an earthquake measured on a number scale

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19
Q

seismic wave

A

vibrations in the Earth that are caused by seismic activity

such as earthquakes + volcanic eruptions

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20
Q

epicentre

A

the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.

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21
Q

focus

A

where the earthquake originates, deep in the crust

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22
Q

richter scale

A

measures magnitude of earthquakes from 1 to 9

9 is highest, 1 is lowest

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23
Q

mercalli scale

A

measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location

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24
Q

distribution of earthquakes

Study These Flashcards
A
  • predominantly on coasts
  • pacific ring of fire
  • along plate boundaries
25
primary hazards of earthquakes
- collapsing buildings - transport / infrastructure damage - death by crushing
26
secondary hazards of earthquakes
- tsunamis - soil salinity - fires from broken pipes - further collapse of buildings
27
# PPP prediction (before event)
the act of estimating when and where a natural hazard will occur
28
# PPP preparation
a set of actions taken to reduce the impact of a potential disaster
29
# PPP protection/planning
precautions put in place to reduce the impact of a potential disaster
30
Methods of earthquake **PREDICTION**
**hard to achieve ** - texts/tv warnings - studying patterns - strange animal behaviour - drop/rise in groundwater levels
31
Earthquake **PROTECTION** - building regulations
- automated shutters - evacuation zones - rubber shock absorbers on foundations - deep foundations - lattice frame structure - reinforced bridges - raised roads
32
earthquake **PREPARATION**
- emergency rucksacks - drills - evacuation plans - education on risks
33
# RRR Relief
emergency aid -> at the site of natural disaster very quickly
34
# RRR Recovery
long term aid
35
# RRR Response
Using data from an incident to ensure less damage will occur next time
36
# volcano features magma chamber
a large underground pool of molten rock, or magma, that sits beneath the Earth's surface
37
# volcano features vent
the opening at the top of a volcano where magma, lava, ash, and other materials erupt onto the Earth's surface
38
# volcano features secondary vent
a smaller passageway in a volcano that allows magma to escape when the main vent is blocked usually on one of the flanks of the volcano
39
# volcano features crater
a bowl-shaped depression that forms at the top of a volcano
40
# volcano features lava
formed when magma (molten rock) from the mantle reaches the surface and cools to form lava
41
# volcano features magma
a molten rock mixture
42
# volcano types stratovolcano / composite
- alternating layers of lava and ash - convergent plate boundaries - pyroclastic flow, not lava - steep sides - thick lava consistency -> immediately solidifies
43
# volcano types shield volcano
- hot spots - thin lava consistency - lava spreads far and wide before solidifing, forming gentle sides - divergent plate boundaries - low, gentle slopes - frequent but gentle eruptions
44
# volcanic activity active
liable to erupt
45
# volcanic activity dormant
has not erupted for many years
46
# volcanic activity extinct
has not erupted in thousands or millions of years
47
Distribution of volcanoes
- destructive and constructive plate boundaries - around the pacific ring of fire - can be found on hot spots, such as hawaii
48
**primary** volcanic hazards
- lava - ash fall - pyroclastic flows - toxic gases - volcanic bombs
49
**secondary** volcanic hazards
- poor air quality -> respiratory problems - disruption of infrastructure - disruption of sanitation - fires
50
volcanic **PREDICTION** methods
- steam / gas emission - tilt meters on slopes of volcano - thermal monitors - studying patterns
51
volcanic **PROTECTION** methods
- bombing lava flows - diversion walls for lava flow - digging ditches
52
volcanic **PREPARATION** methods
- emergency rucksacks - drills - evacuation plans - education on risks
53
benefits/opportunities of living in volcanic zones
- geothermal energy + heating - fertile soil from ash fall - tourism -> employment
54
# CASE STUDY: **Türkiye-Syria** Earthquake 2023 Introduction
- 6th February 2023 - Conservative plate boundary - 100 mile fault slip - two quakes: 7.8 +7.5, 9 hours apart
55
# CASE STUDY: **Türkiye-Syria** Earthquake 2023 Causes
- anatolian + arabian plates forced together due to convection currents - moving in diff directions at diff speeds -> conservative plate boundary - pressure builds due to friction - pressure causes rock to snap along fault line - snapping rock occurs at focus (18km deep first quake + 10km deep second quake) - sudden plate movement + release of pressure causes earthquake
56
# CASE STUDY: **Türkiye-Syria** Earthquake 2023 Impacts
- 6500 cholera cases due to contaminated water - 115 schools damaged (Syria) - 1.5 mil homeless in T, 6 mil in S - 34500 apartments destroyed - 50,000 dead in T, 6,000 in S - 115,000 injured in T, 15,000 in S - 4 million buildings damaged
57
# CASE STUDY: **Cumbre Vieja** Eruption 2021 Introduction
- a volcano on spanish island la palma in the canary islands - erupted between 19 September + 13th December 2021
58
# CASE STUDY: **Cumbre Vieja** Eruption 2021 Causes
- located on a hot spot (magma plume in middle of a plate, causing crust to melt and seep through cracks to reach surface) - located on african plate, moves 2-3cm a year - build up of magma swelled a week before eruption
59
# CASE STUDY: **Cumbre Vieja** Eruption 2021 Impacts
-7,000 forced to evacuate homes - 1,300 homes destroyed in lava flow - churches, schools etc destroyed - farmland + banana plantations destroyed - size of island increased -> lava flowed into ocean - flights cancelled, tourist resorts closed -> affected local economy

Geography (15 decks)

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