Theme 1 - Settlement - Urban Settlements

Question 1

urban

Answer 1

a built-up area like a town or city

Question 2

rural

Answer 2

a countryside area with a low population density and lots of open space

Question 3

traits of the CBD

Answer 3

• multi storey buildings
• expensive land
• high building density
• lack of open space
• shops, such as department stores

Question 4

traits of the industrial inner city / twilight zone

Answer 4

• used to be factories, now have been relocated to suburbs
• terraced housing
• low cost housing
• low order goods and services
• poorest urban population

Question 5

traits of the inner suburbs

Answer 5

• semi detached housing
• tree lined streets
• bay windows
• front and back windows
• back gardens

Question 6

traits of working class housing

Answer 6

• on cheap land
• old 20th century terraced housing
• poor building quality
• high building density

inner city

Question 7

traits of middle class housing

suburbs

Answer 7

• semi detached
• front and back gardens
• garages
• bay windows
• balconies

Question 8

traits of high class housing

Answer 8

• better quality housing
• larger gardens
• larger houses
• detahced
• double garages
• low building density
• high cost housing

rural-urban fringe

Question 9

traits of the rural-urban fringe

Answer 9

• detached housing
• front and back gardens
• off street parking
• more open space
• high cost housing
• golf courses and farms

Question 10

burgess model

concentric model

Answer 10

• concentric
• states all settlements grow outwards from the CBD
• in rings, equally in all directions
• core -> inner city ring -> suburban ring -> urban fringe

Question 11

hoyt model

sector model

Answer 11

• developed after introduction of public transport routes
• claimed that land develops in sectors along main transport routes

Question 12

ullman and harris model

multiple nuclei model

Answer 12

• most similar to a modern city
• multiple central areas

Question 13

greenfield site

Answer 13

previously undeveloped sites on the edges of cities, when they are developed on this is urban sprawl

Question 14

brownfield site

Answer 14

derelict manufacturing sites that can be redeveloped

Question 15

greenbelt / green zone

Answer 15

a protected area of undeveloped or agricultural land that surrounds a town or city

Question 16

redevelopment

Answer 16

buildings are demolished and replaced

Question 17

gentrification

Answer 17

the process where a poor urban area is changed by wealthier people moving in:

• improving housing
• attracting new businesses
• displacing current inhabitants in the process.

Question 18

housing density

Answer 18

the number of dwellings or residential units in a specific geographic area or on a particular site

Question 19

multiple deprivation

Answer 19

a measure of the relative lack of access to services and consumer items in a given area

Question 20

urban decay

Answer 20

the deterioration and decline of urban areas, often characterized by dilapidated buildings, infrastructure, and social problems.

Question 21

urban problems

air pollution causes

Answer 21

the exhaust of cars and factories

Question 22

urban problems

causes of noise pollution

Answer 22

the noise from cars, construction sites

Question 23

urban problems

causes of water pollution

Answer 23

industrial discharges, residential wastewater, trash, traffic

Question 24

urban problems

causes of poor aesthetics / urban decay

Answer 24

• population loss
• lack of investment
• poor urban planning -> neglected spaces
• economic decline
• suburbanisation
• urban-rural migration

Question 25

# urban problems problems with out of town shopping centres

Answer 25

can cause traffic congestion and overcrowding in areas that cannot manage it

Question 26

literacy rate

Answer 26

The proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and over which is literate

Question 27

doctors per 1000

Answer 27

the number of practicing physicians per 1,000 residents in a country

Question 28

# solutions to urban problems greener transport

Answer 28

electric vehicles and public transport, helping to reduce pollution and global warming

Question 29

# solutions to urban problems urban greening

Answer 29

the incorporation of green spaces and elements into urban environments and infrastructure, such as streets, cities, roofs and walls

Question 30

# CASE STUDY: Land use by zone and effect of changes in **BRISTOL** Introduction

Answer 30

- One of the UK's core 10 cities - Near border of South Wales - 2.5 hours from London on train - currently population 440,500 - expected to reach 500,000 by 2030

Question 31

# CASE STUDY: Land use by zone and effect of changes in **BRISTOL** Causes

Answer 31

- WW2: Avonmouth + Royal Potbury ports bombed - 40% of inner city is covered in railway tracks - New arena seating 4,000 built to attract events - out-of-town shopping centre Cribbs Causeway has reduced city pedestrians - railway line to London has been electrified due to pollution

Question 32

# CASE STUDY: Land use by zone and effect of changes in **BRISTOL** Impacts

Answer 32

- made a name for itself in art and animation e.g. banksy + wallace & gromit - integration of electric trains and cycle routes - 30% of city is now green space - 9000 jobs created due to green economy - airport 'poo bus' runs on methane from human waste rather than fossil fuels - won Europe's green capital award in 2015

Question 33

# CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in **BRISTOL** Introduction

Answer 33

- One of the UK's core 10 cities - Near border of South Wales - 2.5 hours from London on train - currently population 440,500 - expected to reach 500,000 by 2030

Question 34

# CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in **BRISTOL** Causes

Answer 34

- suffered deindustrialisation in 50s-80s due to loss of facilities in WW2 - WW2: Lost 3,200 homes and 1,800 were damaged - surrounding green space is protected, so cannot be built on as greenfield sites - 2016-2019: Bristol had highest traffic congestion in the UK

Question 35

# CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in **BRISTOL** Impacts

Answer 35

- 200 premature deaths due to air pollution per year - Filwood (inner city area): high teenage pregnancy rate + 62% feel unsafe at night - Harry & Bradley Stoke suburban areas have increased flooding in the city - one of theyoungest and most multicultural populations in the UK - average age bristol: 32.4 - average age UK: 40.3

Question 36

# CASE STUDY: Urban Challenges in **BRISTOL** Responses

Answer 36

- Queen's square converted from dual carriageway to cycle paths - fleet of 77 poo buses around the city -> reducing fossil fuels - 2022: safer streets funding in Hartcliffe for CCTV cameras and better street lighting

Question 37

# CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in **BRISTOL** Introduction

Answer 37

- One of the UK's core 10 cities - Near border of South Wales - 2.5 hours from London on train - currently population 440,500 - expected to reach 500,000 by 2030

Question 38

# CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in **BRISTOL** Causes

Answer 38

- limited in directions due to Cotswolds, Mendip Hills + River Avon - 1,200 new houses built at Harry Stoke, 2,000 more planned - Cribbs Causeway out of town shopping centre built at M4 and M5 junction - little control over sprawl as 95% of its greenbelt is controlled by external authorities

Question 39

# CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in **BRISTOL** Impacts

Answer 39

- 2016-2019: second highest rate of congestion in UK - 200 premature deaths due to air pollution - Cabot Circus, a CBD shopping centre, stuggles to compete with Cribbs Causeway - Bristol has a young population (avg 32.4 yrs) due to lack of family housing available

Question 40

# CASE STUDY: Urban Sprawl in **BRISTOL** Responses

Answer 40

- Investment in green transport to reduce air pollution - Yobikes are 1 pound per day to rent - 30,000 homes planned to be built on greenfield sites - inner city is being redeveloped to attract young people to live on brownfield sites - new bristol arena is on a brownfield site -> expected to create 580 jobs