Theories Flashcards
(82 cards)
1
Q
Supports the notion that all human behavior is caused and can be explained
Freud believed that repressed (driven from conscious awareness) sexual impulses and desires motivate much human behavior.
A
PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY
2
Q
The part of one’s nature that reflects basic or innate desires such as pleasure-seeking behavior, aggression, and sexual impulses
Seeks instant gratification, causes impulsive unthinking behavior and has no regard for rules or social convention.
A
ID - pleasure, impulsive
3
Q
The balancing or mediating force between the id and superego
It represents the mature and adaptive behavior
A
EGO
3
Q
The part of person’s nature that reflects moral and ethical concepts values, and parental and social expectations
A
SUPEREGO
3
Q
What are the 3 level of awareness
A
- Conscious
- Preconscious
- Subconscious
3
Q
Thoughts and emotions are not currently in the person’s awareness, but he or she can recall them with some effort.
A
PRECONSCIOUS
3
Q
Refers to the perceptions, thoughts, and emotions that exist in the person’s awareness, such as being aware of happy feelings or thinking about a loved one.
A
CONSCIOUS
4
Q
- It includes all memories that one is unable to bring to conscious awareness.
-It consists of unpleasant or nonessential memories that have been repressed and can be retrieved only through therapy, hypnosis
A
SUBCONSCIOUS
4
Q
What is Sigmund Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development
A
- Oral (0-1)
- Anal (2-3)
- Phallic (3-5)
- Latency (6-12)
- Genital (12+)
4
Q
Focus of libido: Mouth
A
ORAL
4
Q
Focus of libido: Anus
A
ANAL
4
Q
Focus of libido: Genitals
A
PHALLIC
4
Q
Focus of libido: None
A
LATENCY
4
Q
Focus of libido: GENITALS (12+)
A
GENITAL
4
Q
Weaning off of breast feeding or formula
A
ORAL
5
Q
Toilet training
A
ANAL
5
Q
Resolving oedipus / electra complex
A
PHALLIC
5
Q
Developing defense mechanism
A
LATENCY
5
Q
Reaching full sexual maturity
A
GENITAL
5
Q
This occurs when the therapist displaces onto the client attitudes or feelings from his or her past.
A
COUNTERTRANSFERENCE
5
Q
When the client appears to have feeling towards the therapist
A
TRANSFERENCE
5
Q
What are Erik Erikson’s stages of Psychosocial development
A
- Trust vs Mistrust
- Autonomy vs Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs guilt
- Industry vs inferiority
- Identity vs role confusion
- Intimacy vs isolation
- Generativity vs stagnation
- Integrity vs despair
5
Q
He was an American psychiatrist who extended the theory of personality development to include the significance of interpersonal relationships.
He believed that one’s personality involves more than individual characteristics, particularly how one interacts with others.
A
HARRY STACK SULLIVAN
6
Q
Sullivan’s Life Stages
A
- Infancy
- Childhood
- Juvenile
- Preadolescence
- Adolescent
6
Primary need for bodily contact and tenderness. Prototaxic mode
Primary zones: Oral, Anal
Met = Sense of well-being
Unmet = Dread & anxiety
INFANCY
6
Parents are viewed as source of praise and acceptance. Parataxic mode.
CHILDHOOD
6
Shift to the syntaxic mode begins
JUVENILE
6
Move to genuine intimacy with friends of the same sex
PREADOLESCENCE
6
Lust is added to interpersonal equation. Need for special sharing relationship shifts to the opposite sex
ADOLESCENCE
6
Characteristics of infancy and childhood, involves brief, unconnected experiences that have no relationship to one another.
PROTOTAXIC MODE
7
* Begins in early childhood as the child begins to connect experiences in sequence.
* The child may not make logical sense of the experiences and may see them as coincidence or chance events.
PARATAXIC MODE
7
The person begins to perceive himself or herself and the world within the context of the environment and can analyze experiences in a variety of setting.
SYNTAXIC MODE
7
Sullivan envisioned the goal of treatment as the establishment of satisfying interpersonal relationships.
In this concept, the interaction among clients is seen as beneficial, and treatment emphasizes the role of this client-to-client interaction
This involved clients’ interactions with one another, including practicing interpersonal relationship skills, giving one another feedback about behavior, and working cooperatively as a group to solve day-to-day problems.
MILIEU OR THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY
7
She developed the concept of the therapeutic nurse-patient relationship
She also saw the role of the nurse as a participant observer.
HILDEGARD PEPLAU
7
4 Phases of Nurse-Patient Relationship
1. Orientation
2. Identification
3. Exploitation
4. Resolution
7
Roles of the nurse in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Offering the client, the same acceptance and courtesy that the nurse would to any stranger.
STRANGER
8
Roles of the nurse in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Providing specific answers to questions within a larger context.
RESOURCE PERSON
8
Roles of the nurse in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Helping the client learn either formally or informally.
TEACHER
8
Roles of the nurse in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Offering direction to the client or group.
LEADER
8
Name the 4 levels of anxiety
1. Mild
2. Moderate
3. Severe
4. Panic
8
Roles of the nurse in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Serving as a substitute for another, such as a parent or sibling.
SURROGATE
8
Roles of the nurse in the Therapeutic Relationship:
Promoting experiences leading to health for the client, such as expression of feelings.
COUNSELOR
8
It is a positive state of heightened awareness and sharpened senses, allowing the person to learn new behaviors and solve problems.
The person can take in all available stimuli (perceptual field).
MODERATE ANXIETY
8
It is an approach to psychology that attempts to explain human behavior by understanding your thought processes.
COGNITIVE THEORY
9
This involves a decreased perceptual field (focus on immediate task only).
The person can learn new behavior or solve problems only with assistance. Another person can redirect the person to the task.
MODERATE ANXIETY
9
This involves feelings of dread or terror.
The person cannot be redirected to a task; he or she focuses only on scattered details and has physiologic symptoms tachycardia, diaphoresis, and chest pain.
SEVERE ANXIETY
9
Can involve loss of rational thought, delusions, hallucinations, and complete physical immobility and muteness.
The person may bolt and run aimlessly, often exposing him or herself to injury.
PANIC
9
It is believed that thoughts are maintained by reinforcement, thus contributing to a mood disorder.
CONGITIVE THEORY
9
He believed that human intelligence progresses through a series of stages based on age, with the child at each successive stage demonstrating a higher level of functioning that at previous stages.
JEAN PIAGET
9
When a person’s stream of automatic thoughts is very negative you would expect a person to become depressed.
Quite often, these negative thoughts will persist even in the face of contrary evidence.
COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL THERAPY
9
4 stages of cognitive development
1. Sensorimotor
2. Preoperational
3. Concrete Operations
4. Formal Operations
9
The child develops the ability to express self with language.
Symbolic gestures, and begins to classify objects.
PREOPERATIONAL
9
The child develops a sense of self as separate from the environment and the concept of object permanence.
He or she begins to form mental images.
SENSORIMOTOR (0-2)
9
The child begins to apply logic to thinking, understands spatiality and reversibility, and is increasingly social and able to apply rules; however, thinking is still concrete.
CONCRETE OPERATIONS
9
The child learns to think and reason in abstract terms, further develops logical thinking and reasoning, and achieves cognitive maturity.
FORMAL OPERATIONS
9
He believes that a person’s reaction to specific upsetting thoughts may contribute to abnormality.
AARON BECK
9
What were the 3 mechanisms that were identified by Aaron beck and thought were responsible for depression?
1. The cognitive triad (of negative automatic thinking)
2. Negative self-schemas
3. Errors in logic (faulty information processing)
9
What are the Cognitive triad: three forms of negative (helpless and critical) thinking that are typical of individuals with depression:
1. Negative thoughts about the self
2. Negative thoughts about the world
3. Negative thoughts about the future
10
Beck claimed that negative schemas may be acquired in childhood as a result of a __________
TRAUMATIC EVENT
10
Drawing conclusions on the basis of insufficient or irrelevant evidence.
ARBITRARY INTERFERENCE
10
Focusing in a single aspect of a situation and ignoring others.
SELECTIVE ABSTRACTION
10
Exaggerating the importance of undesirable events.
MAGNIFICATION
10
Underplaying the significance of an event.
MINIMIZATION
10
Drawing broad negative conclusions on the basis of a single insignificant event.
OVERGENERALIZATION
11
Attributing the negative feelings of others to yourself.
PERSONALIZATION
12
Albert Ellis identified 11 “irrational beliefs” that people use to make themselves unhappy
RATIONAL EMOTIVE THERAPY
12
Learning occurs as a conditioned response to a stimulus (rewards, punishment, and reinforcement)
BEHAVIORAL THEORIES
12
A humanistic American psychologist who focused on the therapeutic relationship and developed a new method of client-centered therapy.
He was one of the first to use the term “client” rather than “patient”.
CARL ROGERS - HUMANISTIC THEORY
12
is a method of attempting to strengthen a desired behavior or response by reinforcement, either positive or negative
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION
13
He asserted that a stress response occurs whenever a person encounters continuous stress.
HANS SELYE - STRESS ADAPTATION MODEL
13
He developed the theory of operant conditioning, which says that people learn their behavior from their history or past experiences, particularly those experiences that were repeatedly reinforced.
B.F. SKINNER
13
He started the theory of classical conditioning
IVAN PAVLOV
13
The body attempts to reduce damage from the stressor.
STAGE OF RESISTANCE
13
3 Classic Reaction to Stress
1. Alarm Reaction
2. Stage of Resistance
3. Stage of Exhaustion
13
Mobilizes the body’s defenses and homeostatic responses against the stressor “fight or flight response”.
ALARM REACTION
13
Arise from a perceived threat or harm if primary appraisal is ineffective in managing the stressful event, and they enhance or promote a positive outcome of primary appraisal.
IRRELEVANT APPRAISAL
13
Evolves after the body’s attempt to adapt to change fail to manage the stressors if appropriate interventions to reduce the stress are unsuccessful
STAGE OF EXHAUSTION
13
Arise from a perceived threat or harm if primary appraisal is ineffective in managing the stressful event, and they enhance or promote a positive outcome of primary appraisal.
SECONDARY APPRAISAL
13
It is the initial response to a stressor.
PRIMARY APPRAISAL
13
Are events that have a genuinely positive appraisal, or they enhance adaptation or stimulate a sense of well-being.
BENIGN POSITIVE
14
Are foreseen occurrences that spur people to mobilize coping responses to reduce likely risk
HAZARDOUS THREATS
14
Encounters that have negative connotations or cause damage, such as physical illness, injury to quality of life and loss of normal functioning.
INJURIOUS
