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Pathophysiology > Theory Test #6 - April 23rd > Flashcards

Theory Test #6 - April 23rd Flashcards

1
Q 
What is a typical characteristic of motor neurons?
A) Long axons
B) Short axons
C) Long dendrites
D) Elongated cell body
A

A) Long axons

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2
Q

Which statement about the function of the peripheral nervous system is TRUE?
A) Proprioceptors initiate voluntary movement
B) Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment
C) Somatic reflex arcs facilitate autonomic functions
D) Motor function is independent of sensory input

A

B) Sensory receptors detect changes in the environment

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3
Q

Which statement about oligodendrocytes is TRUE?
A) They are responsible for maintaining the chemical environment of neurons
B) They form myelin sheaths around neurons in the spinal cord and brain
C) They form myelin sheaths around axons of peripheral nerve fibres
D) They have an important role in protection and promoting immunity

A

B) They form myelin sheaths around neurons in the spinal cord and brain

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4
Q

Which statement about 3rd order neurons is TRUE?
A) They are multipolar neurons carrying sensory signals to the cerebral cortex
B) They are unipolar neurons carrying sensory impulses to the spinal cord
C) They are bipolar neurons carrying afferent signals to the brain
D) They are association neurons linking 1st and 2nd order neurons

A

A) They are multipolar neurons carrying sensory signals to the cerebral cortex

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5
Q

Which statement about the autonomic nervous system is TRUE?
A) It is part of the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system
B) Nerve fibres in the ANS transmit sensory and motor signals
C) It transmits motor signals from skeletal muscles to the brain
D) It is part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system

A

D) it is part of the motor division of the peripheral nervous system

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6
Q 
Motor signals transmitted from the brain to skeletal muscles are carried along which type of nerve fibres?
A) Visceral afferent fibres
B) Somatic afferent fibres
C) Visceral efferent fibres
D) Somatic motor fibres
A

D) Somatic motor fibres

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7
Q 
Which neurotransmitter stimulates skeletal muscle contraction?
A) Norepinephrine
B) Acetylcholine
C) Dopamine
D) Serotonin
A

B) Acetylcholine

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8
Q 
Which spinal cord tract carried motor signals directly from the motor cortex to lower motor neurons?
A) Corticospinal
B) Spinothalamic
C) Spinocerebellar
D) Extrapyramidal
A

A) Corticospinal

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9
Q 
Which set lists the main neurotransmitters secreted at sympathetic terminals?
A) Norepinepherine and epinephrine
B) Acetylcholine and epinephrine
C) Dopamine and acetylcholine
D) Serotonin and norepinepherine
A

A) Norepinepherine and epinephrine

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10
Q 
Which level of sensory integration is typically made of 2nd order neurons?
A) Circuit
B) Receptor
C) Perception
D) Instructions
A

A) Circuit

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11
Q

Which statement describes a synapse?
A) It is a single, rapid contraction of a muscle in response to a stimulus
B) It is an area where the pre and postsynaptic membrane are attached
C) It is a special area of the membrane where action potentials are initiated
D) It is a function junction between two neurons or a neuron and a myofibre

A

D) It is a function junction between two neurons or a neuron and a myofibre

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12
Q

The generation of an action potential does NOT depend on which one of the following states?
A) The opening of potassium channels
B) The opening of sodium channels
C) Changes in membrane permeability
D) Diffusion of ions across the cell membrane

A

A) The opening of potassium channels

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13
Q 
Which event in neurotransmission is energy dependent?
A) Diffusion of Na ions
B) Diffusion of K ions
C) Initiation of an action potential
D) Na/K ATPase pumping of ions
A

D) Na/K ATPase pumping of ions

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14
Q 
Which state indicates an excitatory post-synaptic potential?
A) Polarization
B) Depolarization
C) Repolarization
D) Hyperpolarization
A

B) Depolarization

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15
Q 
Which process maintains the resting membrane potential?
A) Osmosis
B) Simple diffusion
C) Hydrostatic pressure
D) Sodium/Potassium pumping
A

D) Sodium/Potassium pumping

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16
Q

Which statement about defective acetylcholine molecules is TRUE?
A) They will bind to the sarcolemma and stimulate skeletal muscle cell contraction
B) Thy can bind to the pre-synaptic membrane and stimulate muscle contraction
C) They are unable to bind to the neuromuscular junction and stimulate muscle contraction
D) Other neurotransmitters can replace acetylcholine in stimulating contraction

A

C) They are unable to bind to the neuromuscular junction and stimulate muscle contraction

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17
Q

Which statement describes the ability to decrease neurotransmitter release from the pre-synaptic membrane?
A) It is the all-or-none phenomenon
B) It is graded or receptor potentials
C) It is the excitatory post-synaptic potential
D) It is the inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

D) It is the inhibitory post-synaptic potential

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18
Q

Which statement about muscle atrophy is TRUE?
A) Muscle tone is rarely affected due to disuse
B) It is a state in which the muscle in hypertonic
C) It is a state in which tissue mass is likely to decrease
D) It is a state in which there are no changes in the tissue

A

C) It is a state in which tissue mass is likely to decrease

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19
Q 
Demyelination on CNS neurons resulting in neurological dysfunction describes which disorder?
A) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Muscular dystrophy
C) Myasthenia gravis
D) Multiple Sclerosis
A

D) Multiple Sclerosis

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20
Q 
Lower motor neuron lesions are characteristic of which disorder?
A) Multiple Sclerosis
B) Myasthenia Gravis
C) Muscular dystrophy
D) Amyothrophic lateral sclerosis
A

D) Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

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21
Q 
Which cranial nerve is NOT associated with the special senses?
A) CN I - Olfactory
B) CN II - Optic
C) CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear
D) CN XII - Hypoglossal
A

D) CN XII - Hypoglossal

22
Q 
Signals from which structure result in the activation of the alpha motor neuron circuit?
A) Muscle spindle
B) Gamma motor neuron
C) Medulla Oblongata
D) Cerebellum
A

A) Muscle spindle

23
Q

Which statement about reflexes is FALSE?
A) Testing reflexes is clinically relevant
B) Spinal reflexes are a protective mechanism
C) Exaggerated reflexes indicate normal function
D) Diminished reflexes indicate neurological dysfunction

A

C) Exaggerated reflexes indicate normal function

24
Q 
Which feature does NOT describe reflexes?
A) Rapid motor response
B) Protective mechanism
C) Predictable response
D) Voluntary response
A

D) Voluntary response

25
Q

Which one of the following structural features is unique to intrafusal fibers (IFFs)?
A) Center portion of the fibers are non contractile
B) Fibers are innervated by alpha motor neurons
C) Encased in a connective tissue wrapping
D) Innervated by Sensory neurons

A

A) Center portion of the fibers are non contractile

26
Q

Which statement about Proprioceptors is TRUE?
A) Proprioceptors are the last structure in a typical reflex arc
B) All Proprioceptors are nociceptive and mediate pain reflexes
C) Proprioceptors transmit information from joints and muscles
D) All Proprioceptors register changes in the length of muscle fibers

A

C) Proprioceptors transmit information from joints and muscles

27
Q 
Which type of neurons is directly responsible for stimulating skeletal muscle contraction?
A) Secondary sensory
B) Primary sensory
C) Gamma motor
D) Alpha motor
A

D) Alpha motor

28
Q

Which statment about Golgi tendon organs is TRUE?
A) They are responsible for mediating the tendon reflex
B) They are responsible for mediating the deep tendon reflex
C) They are activated when very small loads are placed on muscles
D) They are unencapsulated sensory receptors that measure muscle tension

A

A) They are responsible for mediating the tendon reflex

29
Q 
Deep tendon reflexes or DTR’s do NOT test the integrity of which structure?
A) Dorsal roots
B) Ventral roots
C) Sensory neurons
D) Autonomic nerves
A

D) Autonomic nerves

30
Q

Flaccidity, characterized by muscle atrophy, is a condition due to ______
A) Upper motor neuron lesions
B) Reduced skeletal muscle contraction
C) Increased skeletal muscle contraction
D) Potentiation in the central nervous system

A

B) Reduced Skeletal muscle contraction

31
Q 
Which response is NOT associated with a superficial reflex?
A) Stretch reflex
B) Plantar reflex
C) Babinski’s sign
D) Abdominal reflex
A

A) Stretch reflex

32
Q

Which statement about upper motor neurons is FALSE?
A) Myelinated descending tracts directly innervate skeletal muscles
B) Many cross over, Innervation the Contralateral side of the body
C) Pyramidal axons descend to the spinal cord without synapsing
D) They stimulate ventral horn neurons that activate skeletal muscles

A

A) Myelinated descending tracts directly innervate skeletal muscles

33
Q 
Which term means a complete loss of sensation?
A) Anesthesia
B) Anorexia
C) Aphasia
D) Ataxia
A

A) Anesthesia

34
Q 
Which state is typical of REM sleep?
A) Irregular alpha waves
B) Dreaming and inhibited skeletal muscles
C) Low oxygen consumption
D) Decreased gastrointestinal motility
A

B) Dreaming and inhibited skeletal muscles

35
Q 
Which term is related to vision?
A) Gustatory
B) Olfactory
C) Auditory
D) Optical
A

D) Optical

36
Q 
Which structure links the right and left cerebral hemispheres?
A) Medulla oblongata
B) Corpus callosum
C) Thalamus
D) Pons
A

B) Corpus callosum

37
Q 
Which one of the following ventricles is paired?
A) Third
B) Lateral
C) Median
D) Fourth
A

B) Lateral

38
Q 
Which structure is part of the brain stem?
A) Cerebral hemispheres
B) Medulla oblongata
C) Diencephalon
D) Cerebellum
A

B) Medulla oblongata

39
Q 
Which brain structure is responsible for cognition and learning?
A) Cerebellum
B) Diencephalon
C) Cerebral cortex
D) Medulla oblongata
A

C) Cerebral cortex

40
Q 
Which brain structure is NOT associated with learning and memory?
A) Hippocampus
B) Basal nuclei
C) Diencephalon
D) Prefrontal cortex
A

B) Basal nuclei

41
Q

What is the primary role of the blood-brain barrier?
A) Protects the brain from traumatic injury
B) Allows waste and carbon dioxide to reach the brain
C) Prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain
D) Formation of cerebrospinal fluid that circulates in the ventricles

A

C) Prevents harmful substances from reaching the brain

42
Q 
The hemisphere primarily responsible for language is determined by \_\_\_\_
A) Special senses
B) Cerebral dominance
C) Spatial discrimination
D) Somatosensory integration
A

B) Cerebral dominance

43
Q 
In which lobe is the promoter cortex located?
A) Parietal
B) Temporal
C) Frontal
D) Occipital
A

C) Frontal

44
Q

Which statement about the reticular formation is TRUE?
A) It is a network of neurons relaying motor information to the spinal cord
B) It is a functional brain system associated with psychosomatic illnesses
C) It is a functional brain system whose axons are confined to the cerebellum
D) It includes the reticular activating system, responsible for keeping us alert

A

D) It includes the reticular activating system, responsible for keeping us alert

45
Q 
Damage to the hypothalamus is most likely to result in which dysfunction?
A) Loss of proprioception
B) Loss of Thermoregulation
C) Changes in pain perception
D) Dyslexia and learning disabilities
A

B) Loss of Thermoregulation

46
Q 
What is non-progressive congenital brain disorder manifesting with spasticity?
A) Parkinson’s disease
B) Alzheimer disease
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Cerebral palsy
A

D) Cerebral palsy

47
Q 
Which disorder manifests with dementia and loss of cognitive function?
A) Myasthenia gravis
B) Alzheimer’s disease
C) Multiple sclerosis
D) Cerebral palsy
A

B) Alzheimer’s disease

48
Q 
What is NOT a cause of cerebrovascular accidents?
A) Intracranial pressure
B) Brain tumours
C) Blocked arteries
D) Intracellular pressure
A

D) Intracellular pressure

49
Q 
Clinically, a person who is sleepy and decreasingly aware of their surroundings is said to be \_\_\_\_
A) Drowsy
B) Stupor
C) Coma
D) Alert
A

A) Drowsy

50
Q 
What is known as the speech area in the brain?
A) Brodmann’s
B) Heinzman’s
C) Gnostic’s
D) Broca’s
A

D) Broca’s

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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