Path Theory Test Review #2 Flashcards
(92 cards)
1
Q
Gap Junctions Desmosomes Tight Junctions - Tensile Strength - Limit Passage of Substances - Allows passage of substances b/t cells
A
Gap Junctions - Allows passage of substances b/t cells
Desmosomes - Tensile Strength
Tight Junctions - Limit passage of substances
2
Q
Components of a Solution
A
Solute
Solvent
3
Q
List examples of Passive Transport
A
- Osmosis
- Filtration
- Diffusion
- Facilitated Diffusion
4
Q
What is Passive Transport
A
Movement of substances along a concentration gradient.
Does not require energy
5
Q
Which statement regarding the regeneration of cells is true?
A) Healing by 2nd intention results in the regeneration of parenchyma
B) Healing by 1st intention results in fibrosis
C) Stroma is functional tissue
D) Labile cells predominately undergo healing by 1st intention
A
D) Labile cells predominately undergo healing by 1st intention
6
Q
What are the 3 processes of endocytosis? How are they different?
A
Phagocytosis - Large particles
Pinocytosis - Ingestion of small fluid particles
Receptor mediated endocytosis
7
Q
What is the approximate fluid volume of the body?
A
40 L
8
Q
List the types of intercellular accumulation
A
Normal Endogenous
Abnormal Endogenous
Exogenous
9
Q
Describe the types of Intercellular Accumulation
A
Normal Endogenous - Substances produced in excess - obesity
Abnormal Endogenous - Substances that cannot be metabolized
Exogenous - Cannot be digested
10
Q
Is Inflammation a common response to injury
A
Yes
11
Q
True or False
Hydrolytic enzymes in secondary lysosomes are active
A
True
12
Q
Jimmy just scraped his knee biking around town. What process helps prevent blood loss?
A
Hemostasis
13
Q
List examples of non-specific & specific responses to injury
A
Non-specific - Phagocytosis
Non-specific - Inflammation, Barrier properties of skin, secretions of skin
Specific - Antibody-Antigen binding
14
Q
What is the 1st line of defence for non-specific response to injury?
A
Barrier properties of skin
15
Q
What is the 2nd line of defence for non-specific responses to injury?
A
Phagocytosis, Inflammation
16
Q
What is the 3rd line of defence for specific responses to injury?
A
Antibody-Antigen Binding
17
Q
True or False
All WBC’s are capable of phagocytosis
A
False
18
Q
What type of WBC’s cannot do phagocytosis?
A
Lymphocytes
19
Q
What types of Gangrene are there?
A
- Wet
- Dry
- Gaseous
20
Q
Which gangrene can be caused by frostbite?
A
Dry
21
Q
Which one of the following is NOT an active mode of transport?
- Symport
- Antiport
- Solute pumping
- Filtration
A
Filtration
22
Q
List agents of injury
A
- Physical
- Chemical
- Biological
- Nutritional imbalances
- Radiation
23
Q
What is an example of a physical agent of injury?
A
High temperatures, electricity
24
Q
What is an example of a Chemical agent of injury?
A
Acids, Bases
25
What is a Biological agent of injury?
Bacteria, Viruses, Parasites
26
What is an example of a nutritional imbalance agent of injury?
Obesity, Starvation, Iron deficiency
27
What is an example of a Radiation agent of injury?
UV Radiation, Radioactive materials
28
Which exudate has a lot of pus and white blood cells
Purulent
29
Which one of the following fluids contains very little protein?
- Cytoplasm
- Interstitial
- Blood Plasma
- Cytosol
Interstitial
30
Is minor osmotic imbalances reversible or irreversible cell injury?
Reversible
31
Is partial loss of protein synthesis reversible or irreversible cell injury?
Reversible
32
Is the release of Lysosomal enzymes in the cell a reversible or irreversible cell injury?
Irreversible
33
Is slight changes in sodium ion concentrations a reversible or irreversible cell injury?
Reversible
34
What are 5 main types of connective tissue?
- Cartilage
- Dense Connective Tissue Proper
- Loose Connective Tissue Proper
- Blood
- Bone
35
Describe Cartilage
Resilient, resistant to compression
36
Describe Dense Connective Tissue Proper
Great tensile strength
37
Describe Loose Connective Tissue Proper
Surrounds blood vessels, Storage
38
Describe Blood
Fluid containing WBC’s and RBC’s, Transports O2 & Nutrients
39
Describe Bone
Storage place for Calcium, Protective, Site of blood cell formation
40
Name and describe the effect on CT in the final two phases in the inflammatory response
Proliferative Phase: Fibroblasts active, Initiates Fibrosis (forms scar tissue)
Remodelling Phase: Collagen synthesis & degradation
41
Define Fibrosis
How scar tissue is formed
42
What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Pain
43
Which cardinal signs of inflammation are directly caused by vasodilation?
Redness & Heat
44
Place the following stages of acute inflammation in the correct order
Vascular Response, Cellular Response, Proliferative Phase, Inflammatory Phase, Remodelling Phase
- Inflammatory Phase
- Vascular Response
- Cellular Response
- Proliferative Phase
- Remodelling Phase
45
What is the purpose of the inflammatory response?
Body’s normal response to injury
| Isolates injurious agent, keeping it local
46
What characterizes the CIR
Scar tissue
47
What characterizes the AIR
Edema
48
Breakdown the fluid content of the body into a percentage of intracellular fluid & one of extracellular fluid
40% Intracellular Fluid
| 60% Extracellular Fluid
49
Cell membranes are mainly composed of which macromolecules
Phospholipids, glycolipids
50
What percentage of body fluid is comprised of intracellular fluid?
70%
51
What is Homeostasis?
Normal output of fluid into the Interstitial space is equal to the uptake by blood vessels
52
What is Hydrostatic Pressure?
Filtration of water from capillaries into Interstitial Space
53
What is Osmotic Pressure?
Draws water back into blood vessels (venous end)
54
What is Net Filtration pressure?
Determines the direction and amount of fluid moving into the Interstitial Space and back into circulation
55
What is Anascara?
Generalized Edema, secondary to organ or organ system dysfunction (including lymphatic system)
56
What are the 4 major causes of Edema?
Increased blood HP (BP) in capillaries
Decreased concentration of plasma proteins
Increased capillary permeability
Blockage of lymphatic vessels
57
True or False
| Lymph flows from tissues back to the heart in a series of converging vessels
True
58
True or False
| The one-way system begins in a series of close-ended tubes (lymph capillaries)
True
59
True or False
| Lymph capillaries have thick vessel walls, rendering them semi-permeable
False
60
True or False
| The capillaries collect excess interstitial fluid
True
61
True or False
Endothelial cells forming lymph capillary walls are tightly linked to prevent excessive movement of fluids into and out of the structure
False
62
True or False
| In general, Lymph collecting vessels carry fluid from the tissue spaces to the lymph trunks
True
63
True or False
| The thoracic duct drains only the left side of the body
False
64
True or False
| The right lymphatic ducts drains the right upper body
True
65
True or False
Lymphatic drainage is important in swollen tissues because it allows removal of proteins and cellular debris from interstitial spaces
True
66
What are endogenous injurious agents
Injurious agents that arise from cellular metabolism, I.E, waste products
67
What are Exogenous injurious agents
Injurious agents that are introduced from the outside world by ingestion, inhalation or injection
68
What are 7 causes of inflammation
Trauma/Injury, Surgery, Infection, Corrosive Chemicals, Temperature extremes, Immune responses, Ischemia
69
Name 4 characteristics of acute inflammatory response
Short term, Exhibit cardinal symptoms, Rapid onset and Resolution
70
Name 3 characteristics of Chronic inflammatory response
Infiltration by macrophages and lymphocytes, proliferation of fibroblasts (scarring), long term
71
What are granular leukocytes
Spherical, cytoplasmic granules, all are phagocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
72
What are agranular leukocytes
Lack visible granules, functionally distinct, examples include lymphocytes (AB production) and Monocytes (phagocytes)
73
Why is there a greater chance of scarring in Chronic Inflammation
Fibroblastic activity, fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis cause scarring
74
What is Granuloma
A mass of granulation tissue, typically produced in response to infection, inflammation, or presence of a foreign substance
75
Name four mechanisms of cell injury - interference with...
Membrane function
Energy Production
Protein Synthesis
Cell Replication
76
What are the major causes of cell injury
Ischemia and Hypoxia
77
What is the difference between reversible and irreversible cell injury
Reversible injury - Cells return to pre injury functioning, or adapt to the new condition at a functional level
Irreversible - Leads to cell death (necrosis)
78
What are lysosomes and what are their function?
Sub-cellular organelles responsible for clearing the cell of harmful, injurious agents
79
Why are lysosomal enzymes called pro-enzymes?
Pro-enzymes are inactive enzymes - a protective mechanism preventing digestion of cellular components. Activation of lysosomal enzymes results in breakdown of foreign substances, or digestion of damaged cellular components
80
What happens when osmotic balance of cells is disrupted?
Cells will swell and take on water
81
What are two types of cells found in tissue? Give examples
Parenchyma - functional cells, ex - neurons,skeletal and cardiac muscle cells
Stroma - Structural cells, supporting cells, ex - cells in connective tissue, fibroblasts, chondroblasts
82
What are the 3 types of cells in terms of regeneration capability?
Labile - Ongoing ability to reproduce
Stabile - Ability to regenerate when needed
Permanent - unable to regenerate, ex - cardiac and skeletal muscle, nerve cells
83
What are macrophages
Large phagocytic cells that clear the body of foreign debris
84
Loose connective tissue: I am widespread, I act to support and bind structures throughout the body
Areolar CT
85
Loose Connective Tissue:
I am similar to another form of loose connective tissue, but I’ve been modified for nutrient storage. I’m not very lean, in fact I’m mostly made up of fats
Adipose CT
86
Loose Connective Tissue:
| I am a fine network that forms the internal supporting framework of lymphoid organs
Reticular CT
87
Dense Connective Tissue:
Composed of closely packed collagen arranged in parallel bundles. I’m flexible and incredibly strong. High tensile strength can resist longitudinal stress. Found in structures such as tendons, ligaments and aponeurosis
Regular CT
88
Dense Connective Tissue:
Composed of collagen fibres that are laid down randomly. Irregular structure allows me to be flexible. I can be found in the dermis and fibrous joint capsules. Can also be found in an organ capsule, fascia and periosteum
Irregular CT
89
Dense Connective Tissue:
Contain a particular fibre that gives me rubbery and flexibility. Can be found in blood vessel walls, the Ligamentum Nuchae and the Ligamentum Flava
Elastic CT
90
Which tissues are Ectoderm
- Epidermis of skin
- Nervous tissue
- Structures associated with the epidermis
91
Which tissues are Mesoderm
- Blood
- Cardiac Muscle
- Smooth Muscle
- Skeletal Muscle
92
Which tissues are Endoderm
- Epithelial tissue lining body organs
| - Epithelium of Oral and Nasal cavities
