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Pathophysiology > Theory Test #5 - Feb 26th > Flashcards

Theory Test #5 - Feb 26th Flashcards

1
Q 
A fascicles is \_\_\_\_
A) An organelle
B) A Cell
C) An organ
D) A tissue
A

D) A Tissue

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2
Q 
Which one of the following terms describes the ability to be stretched beyond resting length?
A) Excitability
B) Extensibility
C) Elasticity
D) Contractility
A

B) Extensibility

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3
Q

Which statement about the origin and insertion of muscles is FALSE?
A) Upon movement, the insertion usually moves towards the origin
B) As a site of attachment the origin is usually proximal to the insertion
C) As a site of attachment the insertion is usually distal to the origin
D) The insertion is usually on a less moveable bone than the origin

A

D) The insertion is usually on a less moveable bone than the origin

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4
Q 
Which connective tissue wrapping surrounds the fascicle?
A) Epimysium
B) Endomysium
C) Perimysium
D) Myomysium
A

C) Perimysium

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5
Q 
Which term is within the sub-cellular level of organization?
A) Fascicle
B) Myofibril
C) Myofascia
D) Myofibre
A

B) Myofibril

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6
Q 
Which muscle type is responsible for voluntary movement and maintaining posture?
A) Skeletal
B) Visceral
C) Cardiac
D) Smooth
A

A) Skeletal

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7
Q 
Sarcoplasm is the \_\_\_\_\_\_
A) Contractile unit of muscle cells
B) Fluid found in muscle cells
C) Membrane of muscle cells
D) Contractile protein of muscle cells
A

B) Fluid found in muscle cells

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8
Q 
Which one of the following modes describes the regulation of most skeletal muscle contractions?
A) Neural and voluntary
B) Neural and involuntary
C) Hormonal and voluntary
D) Hormonal and involuntary
A

A) Neural and voluntary

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9
Q 
Which one of the following structures is composed of thin actin myofilaments ONLY?
A) Z disc
B) M line
C) I band
D) A band
A

C) I band

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10
Q 
Which protein is the moving element in the contracting sarcomere?
A) Actin
B) Connectin
C) Myosin
D) Elastin
A

A) Actin

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11
Q 
Which event results in the relaxation of skeletal muscle?
A) Cross-bridge detachment
B) Hydrolysis of ATP
C) Excitation of the sarcolemma
D) Wave summation
A

A) Cross-bridge detachment

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12
Q 
Which protein does NOT have a regulatory function in muscle contraction?
A) Calmodulin
B) Troponin
C) Connectin
D) Tropomyosin
A

C) Connectin

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13
Q

Which statement about excitation contraction coupling is TRUE?
A) The integrity of neurons and Myofibres is essential to muscle contraction
B) Stimulation of myofibres always results in muscle contraction
C) Destruction of acetylcholine stimulates the contraction of muscle fibres
D) Muscle relaxation depends on releasing calcium ions into the sarcoplasm

A

A) The integrity of neurons and myofibres is essential to muscle contraction

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14
Q

Which change occurs in a sarcomere during power stroke?
A) The muscle enters a relaxed state
B) The myosin filaments slide across actin
C) A and I bands lengthen
D) The distance between the Z discs shorten

A

D) The distance between the Z discs shorten

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15
Q

Which statement about stimulation and contraction of skeletal muscles is FALSE?
A) Skeletal muscle contraction is initiated by acetylcholine
B) Calcium ions are only necessary for neurotransmission
C) Excitation of myofibres occurs at the neuromuscular junction
D) Skeletal muscle contraction is generally voluntary

A

B) Calcium ions are only necessary for neurotransmission

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16
Q

Which statement about the release of neurotransmitter molecules (NTs) from the pre-synaptic membrane is FALSE?
A) An action potential is necessary to stimulate release of NTs
B) Release of NTs is a passive process
C) NTs are released by exocytosis
D) NTs are released from synaptic vesicles

A

B) Release of NTs is a passive process

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17
Q 
Movement of sodium ions into neurons and muscle cells initiates \_\_\_\_\_\_
A) Depolarization
B) Repolarization
C) Restoration
D) Hyperpolarization
A

A) Depolarization

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18
Q 
What is an active process?
A) Depolarization
B) Facilitated diffusion
C) Sodium-potassium pumping
D) Hyperpolarization
A

C) Sodium-potassium pumping

19
Q 
Which event does NOT require the presence of calcium ions?
A) Muscle contraction
B) Muscle relaxation
C) Bone remodeling
D) Neurotransmission
A

B) Muscle relaxation

20
Q

Which sequence correctly represents the pathway of a nerve signal transmitted along the neuromuscular pathway?
A) Axon=>Synaptic cleft=>Motor end plate
B) Motor end plate=>Axon=>Neurotransmitter
C) Axon=>Sarcoplasmic reticulum=>Motor end plate
D) Motor end plate=>Sarcoplasmic reticulum=>Synapse

A

A) Axon=>Synaptic cleft=>Motor end plate

21
Q

Which statement about the neuromuscular junction is TRUE?
A) Action potentials are propagated along the neuron and sarcolemma
B) Electrical signals are the only mode of neurotransmission along the NMJ
C) Neurotransmitters are passively released from the pre-synaptic membrane
D) The neuron, synapse and entire muscle form the neuromuscular junction

A

A) Action potentials are propagated along the neuron and sarcolemma

22
Q

Which series of events best represent an action potential?
A) Depolarization=>Return to the RMP=>Repolarization
B) Depolarization=>Repolarization=>Return to the RMP
C) Repolarization=>Depolarization=>Return to the RMP
D) Repolarization=>Depolarization=>Hyperpolarization

A

B) Depolarization=>Repolarization=>Return to the RMP

23
Q 
The descending curve on a myogram describes which period?
A) Relaxation
B) Active
C) Contraction
D) Latent
A

A) Relaxation

24
Q 
Which state describes a relatively shortened postural muscle?
A) Hypotonic
B) Atrophy
C) Dystonic
D) Hypertonic
A

D) Hypertonic

25
Q 
Which state characterizes increased muscle tone?
A) Atrophied
B) Hypertonic
C) Dystonic
D) Hypotonic
A

B) Hypertonic

26
Q 
A client sustained a mild nerve injury a week ago. At this time, the muscles innervated by the nerve, are most likely in which state?
A) Hypertrophied
B) Hypertonic
C) Normal
D) Hypotonic
A

D) Hypotonic

27
Q 
Which metabolic pathway is the quickest to provide ATP?
A) Aerobic respiration
B) Phosphogen system
C) Anaerobic glycolysis
D) Oxidative phosphorylation
A

B) Phosphogen system

28
Q 
Which metabolic pathway begins with acetyl Co-A as a fuel source?
A) Phosphogen system
B) Kreb’s cycle
C) Glycogen hydrolysis
D) Anaerobic glycolysis
A

B) Kreb’s cycle

29
Q 
Lactic acid is a waste product of which metabolic pathway?
A) Phosphogen system
B) Anaerobic glycolysis
C) Oxidative phosphorylation
D) Aerobic respiration
A

B) Anaerobic glycolysis

30
Q

Which statement describes isometric muscle contractions?
A) They are contractions that get stronger with sequential muscle stimulation
B) They are contractions in which muscle length changes and moves a load
C) They are contractions in which muscles do not shorten but the internal tension increases
D) They are contractions exhibiting variable muscle tone

A

C) They are contractions in which muscles do not shorten but the internal tension increases

31
Q 
Which molecule is a potential source of glucose?
A) Myoglobin
B) Tropomyosin
C) Hemoglobin
D) Glycogen
A

D) Glycogen

32
Q 
Which type of cell likely has the highest energy requirements?
A) Muscle cells
B) Red blood cells
C) Fibrocytes
D) Osteocytes
A

A) Muscle cells

33
Q 
Which condition is most likely to result in muscle fatigue?
A) A 1k bike ride
B) A 5k run
C) A leisurely walk
D) An easy swim
A

B) A 5k run

34
Q 
Which muscle likely has the most muscle fibres per motor unit?
A) Biceps Brachii
B) Opponens Digits minimi
C) Adductor pollicis
D) Extensor digiti minimi
A

A) Biceps Brachii

35
Q

Which statement about the relationship of load to muscle contraction is FALSE?
A) With light loads, muscle contraction is relatively fast
B) With heavy loads, muscle contraction is relatively slow
C) Load reflects the metabolic properties of myofibres
D) Heavy loads require more tension to overcome resistance

A

C) Load reflects the metabolic properties of myofibres

36
Q 
High endurance and aerobic respiration are characteristic of which type of muscle fibres?
A) Fast-glycolytic fibres
B) Slow-oxidative fibres
C) Fast-oxidative fibres
D) Smooth muscle cells
A

B) Slow-oxidative fibres

37
Q

Which statement about fast-glycolytic fibres is FALSE?
A) The speed of contraction is slow
B) They are the primary pathway for ATP synthesis is anaerobic
C) Myoglobin content is low
D) Glycogen stores are high

A

A) The speed of contraction is slow

38
Q 
Long distance runner’s leg muscles contain mostly \_\_\_\_\_
A) Fast glycolytic fibres
B) Slow glycolytic fibres
C) Slow oxidative fibres
D) Fast oxidative fibres
A

C) Slow oxidative fibres

39
Q 
Which property is common to skeletal and smooth muscles?
A) Cell appearance
B) Arrangement of fibres
C) Mechanism of contraction
D) Location
A

C) Mechansim of contraction

40
Q

Which statement about multi-unit smooth muscle is FALSE?
A) Cells are electrically coupled through gap junctions
B) Muscle cells contract independently of one another
C) Contain the same type of cells as single-unit smooth muscle
D) Contraction is involuntary and initiated by neural stimulation

A

A) Cells are electrically coupled through gap junctions

41
Q

Which one of the following is NOT a function of the epicardium?
A) Prevents membranes from sticking to one another
B) Secrete a clear serous fluid that reduces friction
C) Reduces friction on movement
D) Anchors the heart to surrounding structures

A

D) Anchors the heart to surrounding structures

42
Q 
What is a structural feature seen only in cardiac muscle cells?
A) Binucleate
B) Striations
C) Sarcomeres
D) Myofibrils
A

A) Binucleate

43
Q

Which statement about cardiac muscle cells is FALSE?
A) Cardiac muscle cells are striated and branched
B) Cells are arranged in bundles held together by dense connective tissue
C) Like skeletal muscle, the contractile unit of cardiac muscle is the sarcomere
D) Metabolically are less adaptable than skeletal muscle cells

A

D) Metabolically are less adaptable than skeletal muscle cells

44
Q

Which pair couples the appropriate side of the heart with its function?
A) Left side - oxygenated blood to the lungs
B) Left side - deoxygenated blood to systemic circulation
C) Right side - oxygenated blood to systemic circulation
D) Right side - deoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

D) Right side - deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Pathophysiology (13 decks)

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