Third quiz Flashcards by Rugger Style

redness

rubor

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calor

heat

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tumor

swelling

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dolor

pain

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loss of funtion

functio Laesa

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______ are present before capillaries that regulate blood flow

sphincters

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Where does the exchange of nutrients take place?

capillaries (also the only site of gas exchange)

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outer most part of a blood vessel is called the

basement membrane

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inner layer to the basement membrane and lines the lumen

endothelia

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_____ gaps in the capillaries are the where nutrient are exchanged

endothelial

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Pinocytic vesicles

where cell digest extracellular fluid and its contents

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two forces that pull fluid out of capillaries

blood osmotic pressure

tissue hydrostatic pressure

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Components to inflammation (2)

vascular component

cellular component

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vascular component to inflammation involves these two things

hyperemia-increased blood flow

increased permeability of blood vessels

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What happens in the cellular component of inflammation

blood cells flow into site of inflammation

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_____ tissues cannot be inflamed

avascular

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Chondroitis in inflammation of what?

note- same concept applies to IVDS and lens

tissues surrounding!!! the cartilage

*not the actual cartilage b/c it is avascular

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protein rich fluid that leaks blood cells into the tissues at site of injury

Exudate

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specific gravity greater than 1.020

Exudate

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function of Exudate

creates space for healing of damaged tissue

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specific gravity less than 1.012

Transudate (not protein rich)

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Exudate vs Transudate. Which one is more pathological

Exudate

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Hyperemia

What does it increase?

increase of blood flow via quick vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation and increases the blood hydrostatic pressure

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Hyperemia enlarges the capillaries __-__% more than normal

20-30%

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slowing blood flow so that its movements in the capillary and venules stops

stasis

blood at ____ end of capillary is more viscus

distal

increased permeability of vessels is caused by

1. constriction of endothelia cells inside vessel increasing gaps 2. loss of protein into tissue (increases osmotic pressure of tissue)

oncotic:

proteins

Osmotic

solutes

% of blood proteins albumin

55% albumin

% of blood proteins globulins

40-45% (antibodies)

% of blood proteins fibrinogen

5% fibrinogen

benefits of inflammation

1. swelling-pain makes you stop activities 2. dissolution of toxins-makes them less damaging to tissue 3. Exudate-brings antibodies to destroy pathogens 4. phagocytosis to destroy pathogens

types of exudate

serous inflammation fibrinous inflammation suppurative (purulent) inflammation

only fluid is allowed to escape interstitial fluid

serous inflammation | e.g. common cold, second degree burns/blisters

enzymatic formation of fibrin strands

fibrinous inflammation (pericarditis, myocarditis, rheumatic pericarditis)

can hear friction rubbing in heart beats

fibrinous inflammation of heart (fluid must be removed)

bad type of inflammation

fibrinous

presence of puss/yellowish color that can transmit disease to other parts of the body

suppurative/Purulent inflammation (should be removed immediately)

Types of suppurative/purulent inflammation

1. abscess 2. cellulitis 3. empyema

type of purulent inflammation: localized accumulation of puss that develops at a focus when the cause can not be neutralized

abscess

formation of cavity due to proteolytic enzymes

lung abscess

abscess in brain

parameningeal abscess

diffuse/widespread formation of suppurative inflammation

cellulitis

abscess only found in pleural and dubural cavity

epyemal

subdural abscess is found in the

arachnoid space

passive witnesses of inflammation

RBCs (hemorrhagic inflammation)

cellular factors of the exudates formation

1. rbc's adhere to eachother, making them aggregate 2. WBCs move to the periphery of flow near endothelial cell walls of vessels... "pavementing" 3. Leukocyte emigration (in post-capillary venules)

blood vessels move to walls of periphery when RBCs aggregate is called

"pavementing"

WBCs passing through cell membranes is called

DIAPEDESIS-passive process

active (leukocyte) emigration only occurs in

post-capillary venules

poly-nuclear WBCs

Eosinophils 2 basophils 2+ neutrophils 2

mononuclear cells

monocytes | lymphocytes

what cell is colored blue?

basophil

neutrophils are more commone when?

first 12 hours of inflammation

monocytes increase in number throughout the _____

week

monocytes turn into macrophages when....

they leave the blood

phagocytic cells

neutrophil Never eosinophin Eat monocyte Manure

process of phagocytosis

1. Chemotaxis 2. adherence and engulfing 3. digestion 4. phagocytosis

oxygen dependent mechanisms for killing an intruder (4)

1. lysozyme 2. elastase 3. collegenase 4. defensin

acts like antibodies inside neutrophils

defensins

oxygen dependent mechanisms for killing intruders

free radicals

account for oxidative reactions

hydrogen peroxide

Free radicals

superoxide Super hypochlorite hy hydrogen peroxide hydro

Mediators, cell-derived of inflammation

Histamine serotonin substance P Nitric Oxide

found in type 1 hypersensitivity reactions

histamine

major reservoir for histamine in the body

mast cells/basophils

Mast cell vs Basophil

Mast cell is fixated on tissue | basophils are in blood

Functions of histamine (4)

1. Vasodilation 2. Increases permeability of vessels 3. Bronchospasm 4. increase mucous production by mucous gland in bronchioles

Increases permeability of vessels aka

endothelial retraction

narrowing of the respiratory tree

brochospasm

aka "hormone of pleasure" that produces platelets and functions similar to histamine

serotonin

substance P functions

promote production of pain regulate blood pressure increases permeability of BV

produced by nervous fibers in the peripheral and Central NS and lungs and GI nervous tissue

Substance P

AKA endothelial derived releasing hormone

Nitric Oxide

produced by endothelial cellls of blood vessels, macrophages | brain neurons

Nitric oxide

Inhibitor the cellular component of inflammation

Nitric Oxide

Functions of Nirtic Oxide

Vasodilator | prevents recruitment of neutophil to site of inflammation, inhibits adhesion of WBCs to endothelial cells (pavementing)

55-60% of wbcs

neutophils

2-4% of wbcs

eosinophils (red colored)

.5-1% of wbcs

basophils

20-25% of wbcs

lymphocytes

4-8% in circulation

monocytes

chronic granulomatous

rare, found in TB and leprosy usually due to microbacteria multinucleated giant cells found combining macrophages has fibroblasts in out area of fibrous tissue

Third quiz Flashcards

(84 cards)