Topic 1 - Objective and methods of Clinical Diagnostics. The diagnosis. Diagnosis types. The causes of misdiagnoses. Status praesens. The order of organ system examinations

Question 1

Objective of clinical dianostics:

Answer 1

To detect abnormalities and to determine the body system involved, and to find the purpose of clinical examination

Question 2

What is the purpose of a clinical examination?

Answer 2

1. Being able to recommend specific TREATMENT
2. Provide accurate PROGNOSIS
3. To make recommendation for COST EFFECTIVE CONTROL
4. PREVENTION of new cases - If animals are at risk

Question 3

Methods of clinical diagnostics

Answer 3

Physical examination
Additional examination
Laboratory examination

Question 4

Methods for physical examination:

Answer 4

1. Inspection
2. Palpation
3. Auscultation
4. Percussion
5. Smelling
6. Measuring

Question 5

Name additional exams done for examination:

Answer 5

Non-instrumental:
1. Aspiration
2. Biopsy
3. tubing
4. Catheter
5. Centesis = puncture into body cavity (abdominocentesis)
6. Excision = surgical removal

Instrumental:
1- X-ray
2. ECG
3. Ultraosund
4. Endoscopy
5. MR

Question 6

Name laboratory examinations:

Answer 6

1. Blood
2. urine
3. Rumen-content
4. Faeces
5. Milk

Question 7

What is a diagnosis?

Answer 7

the identification of the nature of an illness or other problem by examination of the symptoms

Question 8

How to develop the correct diagnosis?

Answer 8

1. Deductive diagnosis
2. Excluding diagnosis
3. Diagnosis obtaining from the therapeutic results

Question 9

Name the different diagnosis types:

Answer 9

1. Causal, ethological diagnosis
2. Topographical diagnosis
3. Symptomatic diagnosis
4. Functional diagnosis
5. Tentative diagnosis
6. Main and additional diagnosis

Question 10

Example of causal, ethological diagnosis:

Answer 10

Parvovirus enteritis

Question 11

Example of Topographical diagnosis:

Answer 11

Hepatitis

(concerning organs)

Question 12

Example of Symptomatic diagnosis

Answer 12

Jaundice, fever

Question 13

Example of Functional diagnosis

Answer 13

Lameness of the urinary bladder

Question 14

Example of Tentative diagnosis

Answer 14

Sarcoptes

Question 15

Example of Main and additional diagnosis

Answer 15

Enteritis
Flea allergy

Question 16

List possible causes of false diagnoisis/misdiagnosis:

Answer 16

1. Diagnosis without doing an examination
2. the examination was not accurate, you need to take your time
3. Misunderstanding one or more of the symptoms
4. Insufficient diagnostic equipment
5. Inappropriate reading of the laboratory result
6. Neglect of repeated examinations

Question 17

Parts of the current clinical state (status praesens):

Answer 17

Signalement/nationale
Amnesis
Current state

Question 18

What is included in “Signalement/nationale”?

Answer 18

Name and address of the owner
Permanent data of the animal
Transient data of the animal

Question 19

List the order of examination of organs and the organs-system

Answer 19

1. General impression
2. Basic clinical values
3. Skin
4. Lymph nodes
5. Mucous membranes
6. Respiratory system
7. Cardiovascular system
8. GI-system
9. Urinary system
10. Genital system
11. Spleen and haemopoetic system
12. Hormonal system
13. Locomotor system
14. Nervous system

Question 20

Where can we find mucous membranes to examine?

Answer 20

Conjunctiva
Oral
Nasal
Anal
Genital