Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Small Animal medicine 1 - Oral > Topic 25 - Examination of the heart. Physical and additional methods. Examination of the veins. > Flashcards

Topic 25 - Examination of the heart. Physical and additional methods. Examination of the veins. Flashcards

(48 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Aim of cardiac examination:

A
  1. To decide whether the cardiovascular system could cause the observed clinical signs?
  2. To decide whether a symptomless animal has any cardiac disease?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the order of a cardiovascular system examination?

A
  1. History
  2. General condition
  3. Detailed examination of the cardiovascular system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What to examine during the detailed examination of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do hear about in an animals history?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Exercise intolerance
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Tachypnea
  5. Ascites
  6. Syncope
  7. Coughing
  8. Cardiac cachexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can cause dyspnea or tachypnea?

A
  1. Pulmonary edema (left sided heart failure)
  2. Thoracic fluid accumulation (right sided heart failure)
  3. Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause coughing?

A

Heart failure does not cause coughing, but worsening of it can be du to failure.
Can also indicate heart worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause ascites?

A
  • Right sided heart failure (mostly dogs)
  • Hypoproteinaemia
  • Peritonitis
  • Neoplasma
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Thrombosis
  • Bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cardiac cachexia?

A

Animals with chronic, severe heart disease loose weight,
they are not obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Additional examination of the heart:

A

– x-ray
– Echocardiography
– Electrocardiography (ECG)
– Blood pressure measurement
– Bloodtest
- Heart CT, MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can we see when doing an X-ray?

A

Differentiate between heart failure and respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can we see when doing an ECG?

A

Not often used.
Used in case of severe heart problems, can see valves working, blood, flow, size, shape etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can we see when doing an blood pressure measurement?

A

Not used for heart failure

Measures the pressure in the arteries,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which paramters is important in a blood test when examining the heart?

A

ANP = Atrial natriuretic peptide
BNP = B-Type Natriuretic Peptide
Troponin
Endothelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can you see?

A

Cardiac enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can you see?

A

Pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diagnostic method in cardiology, the order:

A
  1. History physical exam (IMPORTANT)
  2. Thoracic X-ray and Echocardiography
  3. Bloodwork
  4. Holter-ECG
  5. Blood pressure measurement
  6. Cardiac catheterization
  7. Diagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Methods for physical examination of the heart:

A

Inspection (heart, vessels)
Palpation (heart, vessels)
Percussion (heart)
Auscultation (heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can we find with inspection of the cardiac region?

A
  1. Abnormalities of the thorax (injury, malformation)
  2. Heart beat: apex beat in the dog and cat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can we find with palpation of the cardiac region?

A
  1. Location of the heart beat
  2. Detection of pain in the cardiac area
  3. Strength of the heart beat
  4. Fremitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where can we locate the heart beat?

Study These Flashcards
A

Over the edge of the sternum.

Left side: 3-6 ICS
Right side: 3-5 ICS

21
Q

What can dislocation of the cardiac beat be caused by:

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. Tumor
  2. Abscess
  3. Pneumothorax
  4. Diaphragmatic hernia
  5. Malformation
22
Q

Increased strength in heart beat, what can be the cause?

Study These Flashcards
A

Exercise
Cardiac hypertrophy

23
Q

Decreased strength in heart beat, what can be the cause?

Study These Flashcards
A

Heart disease
Pericardial/pleural fluid
Thickened chest wall

24
Q

What is fremitus, and how can we detect it?

Study These Flashcards
A

It is a palpable thrill.

We detect vibrations or change in resonance by placing hands on the dogs chest while it breaths

25
Percussion of the cardiac area, what is the primary goal?
To detect: - Fluid accumulation - Space occupying lesions - PTX (Pneumothorax)
26
What are the cardiac boundaries?
Hard to tell, since the heart is covered by the lungs, but we can detect cardiac dullness - Either absolute or relative
27
Does dogs have absolute or relative cardiac dullness? What does it mean?
Absolute = the heart is in contact with the thoracic wall + horse
28
Does cats have absolute or relative cardiac dullness? What does it mean?
Relative = Lung lobes are in the way
29
In dogs, where can we locate absolute cardiac dullness
Right side: 4-5 ICS Left side: 4-6 ICS
30
In cats, where can we locate relative cardiac dullness
Usually difficult to detect
31
Name some alterations of the area of cardiac dullness:
1. Enlargement of the cardiac dullness 2. Cardiac enlargement 3. Pericardial effusion 4. Cardiac dislocation 5. False enlargement 6. Fluid accumulation
32
What is enlargement of the cardiac dullness?
Dullness in the lower part of the chest
33
What is false enlargement?
other organs, space occupying lesions, such as: tumor, abscess, hernia
34
How can we detect fluid accumulation in the heart?
1. Horizontal line of dullness 2. Diernhofer-triangle disappear Almost impossible to detect in small animals!
35
What is the horizontal line of dullness?
No sound can be heard under the line
36
What is the Diernhofer-triangle?
Diernhofer triangle is normally filled with air, but in case of free fluid in the abdomen it will disappear. Even in heart enlargement it remains.
37
Methods for examination of veins
Inspection Palpation Measurement of central venous pressure
38
Which veins can we examine?
V.jugularis
39
Parameters to examine with a vein:
1. Degree of fullness 2. Movement within veins
40
How can we examine the degree of fullness of the vein?
We use the venous compression stasis test Jugular is normally empty Saphenous is normally dilated
41
What gives a positive venous compression stasis test?
no emptying below the compression point or no disappearance of venous undulation
42
How can we determine the movement within the veins?
With the A, C, V wave
43
What is the A wave?
right atrial contraction Ends synchronously with the carotid artery pulse.
44
What is the C wave?
right ventricular contraction
45
What is the V wave?
venous filling Occurs during and following the carotid pulse.
46
Causes of abnormal movements within the veins:
1. Undulation (influenced by breathing /dyspnea) 2. Negative or atrial venous pulse Can be normal or due to right sided heart failure 3. Positive or ventricular pulse Always pathological 4. Hepatojugular reflux
47
Physiological movements within the vein:
- respiratory, diastolic, false (carotis pulse) - max. ventr. 1/3 of neck - disappears with compression test
48
Pathological movements within the vein:
- systolic - pronounced (over the ventral third of the neck) - persists after compression test - Congested jugular vein

Small Animal medicine 1 - Oral (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions