Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Small Animal medicine 1 - Oral > Topic 25 - Examination of the heart. Physical and additional methods. Examination of the veins. > Flashcards

Topic 25 - Examination of the heart. Physical and additional methods. Examination of the veins. Flashcards

1
Q

Aim of cardiac examination:

A
  1. To decide whether the cardiovascular system could cause the observed clinical signs?
  2. To decide whether a symptomless animal has any cardiac disease?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the order of a cardiovascular system examination?

A
  1. History
  2. General condition
  3. Detailed examination of the cardiovascular system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What to examine during the detailed examination of the cardiovascular system?

A

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do hear about in an animals history?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Exercise intolerance
  3. Dyspnea
  4. Tachypnea
  5. Ascites
  6. Syncope
  7. Coughing
  8. Cardiac cachexia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What can cause dyspnea or tachypnea?

A
  1. Pulmonary edema (left sided heart failure)
  2. Thoracic fluid accumulation (right sided heart failure)
  3. Anaemia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What can cause coughing?

A

Heart failure does not cause coughing, but worsening of it can be du to failure.
Can also indicate heart worm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can cause ascites?

A
  • Right sided heart failure (mostly dogs)
  • Hypoproteinaemia
  • Peritonitis
  • Neoplasma
  • Liver cirrhosis
  • Thrombosis
  • Bleeding
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is cardiac cachexia?

A

Animals with chronic, severe heart disease loose weight,
they are not obese

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Additional examination of the heart:

A

– x-ray
– Echocardiography
– Electrocardiography (ECG)
– Blood pressure measurement
– Bloodtest
- Heart CT, MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can we see when doing an X-ray?

A

Differentiate between heart failure and respiratory disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can we see when doing an ECG?

A

Not often used.
Used in case of severe heart problems, can see valves working, blood, flow, size, shape etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What can we see when doing an blood pressure measurement?

A

Not used for heart failure

Measures the pressure in the arteries,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which paramters is important in a blood test when examining the heart?

A

ANP = Atrial natriuretic peptide
BNP = B-Type Natriuretic Peptide
Troponin
Endothelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can you see?

A

Cardiac enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What can you see?

A

Pulmonary oedema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diagnostic method in cardiology, the order:

A
  1. History physical exam (IMPORTANT)
  2. Thoracic X-ray and Echocardiography
  3. Bloodwork
  4. Holter-ECG
  5. Blood pressure measurement
  6. Cardiac catheterization
  7. Diagnosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Methods for physical examination of the heart:

A

Inspection (heart, vessels)
Palpation (heart, vessels)
Percussion (heart)
Auscultation (heart)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What can we find with inspection of the cardiac region?

A
  1. Abnormalities of the thorax (injury, malformation)
  2. Heart beat: apex beat in the dog and cat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can we find with palpation of the cardiac region?

A
  1. Location of the heart beat
  2. Detection of pain in the cardiac area
  3. Strength of the heart beat
  4. Fremitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where can we locate the heart beat?

A

Over the edge of the sternum.

Left side: 3-6 ICS
Right side: 3-5 ICS

21
Q

What can dislocation of the cardiac beat be caused by:

A
  1. Tumor
  2. Abscess
  3. Pneumothorax
  4. Diaphragmatic hernia
  5. Malformation
22
Q

Increased strength in heart beat, what can be the cause?

A

Exercise
Cardiac hypertrophy

23
Q

Decreased strength in heart beat, what can be the cause?

A

Heart disease
Pericardial/pleural fluid
Thickened chest wall

24
Q

What is fremitus, and how can we detect it?

A

It is a palpable thrill.

We detect vibrations or change in resonance by placing hands on the dogs chest while it breaths

25
Q

Percussion of the cardiac area, what is the primary goal?

A

To detect:
- Fluid accumulation
- Space occupying lesions
- PTX (Pneumothorax)

26
Q

What are the cardiac boundaries?

A

Hard to tell, since the heart is covered by the lungs, but we can detect cardiac dullness - Either absolute or relative

27
Q

Does dogs have absolute or relative cardiac dullness? What does it mean?

A

Absolute
= the heart is in contact with the thoracic wall

+ horse

28
Q

Does cats have absolute or relative cardiac dullness? What does it mean?

A

Relative
= Lung lobes are in the way

29
Q

In dogs, where can we locate absolute cardiac dullness

A

Right side: 4-5 ICS

Left side: 4-6 ICS

30
Q

In cats, where can we locate relative cardiac dullness

A

Usually difficult to detect

31
Q

Name some alterations of the area of cardiac dullness:

A
  1. Enlargement of the cardiac dullness
  2. Cardiac enlargement
  3. Pericardial effusion
  4. Cardiac dislocation
  5. False enlargement
  6. Fluid accumulation
32
Q

What is enlargement of the cardiac dullness?

A

Dullness in the lower part of the chest

33
Q

What is false enlargement?

A

other organs, space occupying lesions, such as: tumor, abscess, hernia

34
Q

How can we detect fluid accumulation in the heart?

A
  1. Horizontal line of dullness
  2. Diernhofer-triangle disappear

Almost impossible to detect in small animals!

35
Q

What is the horizontal line of dullness?

A

No sound can be heard under the line

36
Q

What is the Diernhofer-triangle?

A

Diernhofer triangle is normally filled with air, but in case of free fluid in the abdomen it will disappear.

Even in heart enlargement it remains.

37
Q

Methods for examination of veins

A

Inspection
Palpation
Measurement of central venous pressure

38
Q

Which veins can we examine?

A

V.jugularis

39
Q

Parameters to examine with a vein:

A
  1. Degree of fullness
  2. Movement within veins
40
Q

How can we examine the degree of fullness of the vein?

A

We use the venous compression stasis test

Jugular is normally empty
Saphenous is normally dilated

41
Q

What gives a positive venous compression stasis test?

A

no emptying below the compression point or no disappearance of venous undulation

42
Q

How can we determine the movement within the veins?

A

With the A, C, V wave

43
Q

What is the A wave?

A

right atrial contraction

Ends synchronously with the carotid artery pulse.

44
Q

What is the C wave?

A

right ventricular contraction

45
Q

What is the V wave?

A

venous filling

Occurs during and following the carotid pulse.

46
Q

Causes of abnormal movements within the veins:

A
  1. Undulation (influenced by breathing /dyspnea)
  2. Negative or atrial venous pulse
    Can be normal or due to right sided heart failure
  3. Positive or ventricular pulse
    Always pathological
  4. Hepatojugular reflux
47
Q

Physiological movements within the vein:

A
  • respiratory, diastolic, false (carotis pulse)
  • max. ventr. 1/3 of neck
  • disappears with compression test
48
Q

Pathological movements within the vein:

A
  • systolic
  • pronounced (over the ventral third of the neck)
  • persists after compression test
  • Congested jugular vein

Small Animal medicine 1 - Oral (45 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions