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Small Animal medicine 1 - Oral > Topic 38 - Examination of the hormonal glands. > Flashcards

Topic 38 - Examination of the hormonal glands. Flashcards

1
Q

Name the main hormonal glands:

A

Thyroid
Pituitary
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovaries + testes

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2
Q

Which of these hormonal gland can we actually examine with direct physical examinatoin?

A

thyroid gland

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3
Q

Steps of diagnostic approach:

A
  1. Signalement
  2. History
  3. Physical findings
  4. Routine lab: blood+urine
  5. Hormone essay
  6. Diagnostic imaging
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4
Q

Common hormonal diseases in dogs:

A
  • Hypothyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Hypercortisolism
    (Cushing-syndrome)
  • Hypoadrenocorticism
    (Addison-disease)
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5
Q

Common hormonal diseases in cats:

A
  • Hyperthyroidism
  • Diabetes mellitus
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6
Q

Predispositions of hormonal diseases:

A

Breed and age

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7
Q

Breed predispositions of hormonal diseases:

A

Rottweiler = hypothyrodism
Toller = Addisons disease
Burmese = diabetes

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8
Q

Age predispositions of hormonal diseases:

A

– Juvenile = congenital
– Young/adult = Addison-dx
– Adult = hypothyroidism
– Older:
* Cushing-syndrome
* Diabetes mellitus
* Hyperthyroidism

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9
Q

Important in case of history of the animal:

A
  1. Appetite
  2. Polyuria = Peeing
  3. Polydipsia = thirsty
  4. Vomiting, diarrhoea
  5. skin abnormalities
  6. Previous medication
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10
Q

Examination methods for hormonal glands:

A

General impression
Signs of other diseases
Physical exam: thyroid glands
- inspection
- Palpation: size, structuree, symmetry

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11
Q

How to examine the thyroid glands?

A
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12
Q

Lab exams done for hormonal examination:

A

Blood
Urinalysis: Specific gravity, glucose

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13
Q

Goal for lab work:

A

– Find the consequences of hormonal disease
– Find concurrent diseases
– Exclude/diagnose other diseases causing similar symptoms

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14
Q

What is a hormone assay?

A

Test performed on a sample of blood to measure the level of Serum Cortisol, TSH, FT3, FT4, LH, FSH, Prolactin, Estradiol and Testosterone in blood

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15
Q

What can we measure with diagnostic imaging?

A

Size and structure of the endoccrine glands = hormonal glands

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16
Q

With ultrasound, where do we perform it to find the different glands?

A

Cervical = thyroid + parathyroid

Abdomen = adrenal + pancreas

17
Q

With CT/MRI, where do we perform it to find the different glands?

A

Skull = pituitary gland
Cervical = thyroid
Abdomen = adrenal + pancreas

18
Q

Name pituitary gland diseases:

A
  1. Diabetes insipidus: decreased Antidiuretic hormone
  2. Hyposomatotropism: decreased growth hormone
  3. Hypersomatotropism / Acromegaly: increased growth hormone
  4. Central hypercortisolism (cushings): Increased cortisol
19
Q

Hyposomatotropism, what is it?

A
  • Congenital
  • Failure to thrive, causing proportional dwarfism
  • Retrained puppy coat
  • Brachygnathia inferior
20
Q

Hypersomatotropism / Acromegaly, symptoms:

A
  • Big broad head, big paws
  • Big tongue/ wide interdental spaces
  • Prognathia inferior
  • Enlargement of abdominal organs
  • PU/PD, polyphagia, weight gain
  • Dog: intact females
  • Cat: Concurrent diabetes
21
Q

Cushings, symptoms:

A
  • PU/PD, polyphagia
  • Abdominal enlargement = pot belly
  • Hepatomegaly
  • Muscle atrophy
  • Alopecia, thin, fragile skin
  • Comedons
  • Calcinosis cutis
22
Q

What is Hypothyroidism?

A

The thyroid doesn’t produce enough thyroid hormone

  • Breed predisposition
  • Obesity
  • Decreased activity
  • Symmetrical alopecia, hyperpigmentation
  • Bradycardia
  • Hypothermia
  • T4/TSH measurement
  • TSH-stimulation test
23
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism:

A
  • Failure to growth –
    disproportional dwarfism
  • Lethargy
  • Inappetence
  • Dehydration
  • Constipation
24
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A
  • PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss
  • Decreased body and muscle condition
    – Unkept haircoat
    – Triagle-shaped head
  • Nervous = agressive – BE PATIENT!!!
  • Tachycardia
    – Galopp rhythm
    – Cardiac murmur
  • Labial (open-mouth) breathing without , cyanosis
  • Palpable thyroid gland ~ 80%
    – „thyroid slip”
  • Dg: T4 measurement
25
Q

Diseases of adrenal gland:

A

Addison: decreased cortisol/ADH (antidiuretic hormone)
Cushing: increased cortisol
Pheochromocytoma = increased adrenalin
Primary hyperaldosteronism (cat) = increased aldosterone

26
Q

Symptoms of Addison-disease

A
  • Inappetence / anorexia
  • Vomitus
  • Diarrhea
  • Abdominal pain
  • PU/PD

Small Animal medicine 1 - Oral (45 decks)

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