Topic 12: Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
what does the cardiovascular system contain?
A
-heart
-blood vessels
-blood (connective tissue)
2
Q
what is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?
A
-transport gases, nutrients, hormones, wastes, and heat throughout the body
-offers protection (immune function) against disease and fluid loss (clotting to prevent bleeding after injury)
3
Q
where is the heart located?
A
-cavity called the mediastinum (anterior compartment of your chest cavity)
-a space between the lungs within the thoracic cavity (chest cavity)
4
Q
what is the coverings of the heart called?
A
-pericardium
5
Q
what is the pericardium?
A
-double-walled sac surrounding the heart
-made of 3 layers (fibrous pericardium + serous pericardium)
6
Q
what is the fibrous pericardium?
A
-outermost layer of the pericardium
-dense irregular CT
7
Q
what is the purpose of the fibrous pericardium being composed of dense irregular CT?
A
-gives strength in all directions
-to prevent overstretching
8
Q
what is the fibrous pericardium’s other main function?
A
-anchors itself to surrounding structures
-ex: diaphragm, larger vessels (aorta, vena cava, etc)
9
Q
what is the serous pericardium?
A
-forms 2 layers which creates the pericardial cavity in between that contains serous fluid for lubrication
-2 parts are: parietal pericardium + visceral pericardium
10
Q
what is the parietal pericardium?
A
-made of epithelium and CT
-fuses to the fibrous pericardium to create the pericardial sac
11
Q
what is the visceral pericardium?
A
-composed of epithelium and CT
-fused to the heart surface (part of the heart wall)
-also called the epicardium
12
Q
what is the epicardium?
A
-outer layer of the heart wall
-simple squamous and CT
13
Q
what are the 3 layers of the heart wall and their location?
A
-epicardium (outside)
-myocardium (middle)
-endocardium (inside)
14
Q
what is the function of the myocardium? how would the pattern of the muscle tissue help?
A
-acts as a pump
-multiple layers going in multiple directions allows for stronger pumping action
14
Q
what is the myocardium?
A
-middle layer of the heart wall
-made of cardiac muscle (contractile)
-arranged in a spiral/circular pattern
-reinforced with CT
15
Q
what is the endocardium?
A
-inside layer of the heart wall
-composed of simple squamous epithelium and CT
16
Q
what is the name of the epithelium in the endocardium and what is its purpose?
A
-endothelium
-lines the inner surface of the heart and ALL blood vessels (in direct contact with blood)
17
Q
what blood vessels are associated with the right atrium?
A
-inferior vena cava (blood from body below the heart)
-superior vena cava (blood from body above the heart)
-coronary sinus (blood from the myocardium)
-carry deoxygenated blood into the right atrium
18
Q
what is the location of the coronary sinus? posterior or anterior?
A
-posterior
19
Q
what are the blood vessels associated with the left atrium?
A
-4 pulmonary veins
-2 coming from the left
-2 coming from the right
-carry oxygenated blood into the left atrium
20
Q
what are the blood vessels associated with the right ventricle?
A
-pulmonary trunk (artery)
-divides to form the right and left pulmonary arteries
-carry deoxygenated blood to the lungs
21
Q
what are the blood vessels associated with the left ventricle?
A
-aorta (artery)
-carries oxygenated blood to the organ systems
22
Q
what is the distinguishing feature of the left ventricle?
A
-thicker myocardium
-pumping blood further distances at a higher pressure compared to the right ventricle
23
Q
what divides the chambers of the heart?
A
-septa
-interatrial septum
-interventricular septum
24
what does the interatrial septum seperate?
-the atria
25
what does the interventricular septum separate? what is it deep to?
-the ventricles
-deep to the interventricular sulcus
-shallow groove filled with fat and blood vessels
26
what is the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton?
-fibrous CT that separates the atria and the ventricles
-tissue allows for attachment of cardiac muscle
-forms solid rings around the heart valves (aorta + pulmonary trunk) to keep them in place
-provides electrical insulation (prevents simultaneous contraction of the atria and ventricles)
27
what are the two types of valves in the heart?
-atrioventricular valves
-semilunar valves
28
what are the two atrioventricular valves?
-bicuspid (mitral) valve
-left side (between left atrium and left ventricle)
-2 sheet-like cusps (CT)
-tricuspid valves
-right side (between right atrium and right ventricle)
-3 sheet-like cusps (CT)
29
what are chordae tendineae?
-connective tissue
-attaches atrioventricular valve cusps to the papillary muscles
-prevents eversion of cusps
30
what are the papillary muscles?
-projections of the myocardium
-first to contract
31
what are the two semilunar valves?
-aortic
-separates the left ventricle and the aorta
-pulmonary
-separates the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
32
what are the two types of cardiac muscle cells?
-contractile cells
-conduction system cells
33
what is the purpose of the contractile cardiac muscle cells?
-form a majority of the myocardium (contractions)
34
what is the purpose of the specialized cardiac muscle cells? how do they complete this function?
-form the rest of the myocardium
-modified cardiac muscle cells that produce and conduct electrical impulses (DO NOT CONTRACT)
-have many gap junctions to help electrical signals spread quickly
35
what similarities do cardiac muscle cells have with skeletal muscle cells?
-striated (myofibrils with sarcomeres)
-has sarcoplasmic reticulum and T-tubules (no triads, have a different arrangement)
36
what differences do cardiac muscle cells have with skeletal muscle cells?
-they are branched (irregular, not parallel)
-uninucleated
-have intercalated discs (region where 2 fibres meet (anchoring junction = lots of proteins)
-contain anchoring and gap junctions
37
from which pressures does blood like to move?
-high to low
-higher pressure in the atria to the lower pressure ventricles
38
what junctions do intercalated discs contain?
-anchoring junctions (so they don't fall apart)
-gap junctions (allows them to work as a unit)
39
how are valves able to open and close?
-in response to pressure changes
-in response to electrical signals
40
what are the parts of the conduction system?
-sinoatrial (SA) node
-atrioventricular (AV) node
-atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
-atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches
-purkinje fibers
41
what is the sinoatrial (SA) node and where is it located?
-generates the fastest impulse
-sets the pace of the entire system
-located in the right atrium at the base of the superior vena cava
-signals to the contractile myocardium
42
where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located?
-base of the right atrium
-inferior to the sinoatrial (SA) node
43
what is the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his) and where is it located?
-superior part of the interventricular septum
-acts as the electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles
44
where do the atrioventricular (AV) bundle branches go?
-carry the impulse to the apex of the heart
45
what are purkinje fibers?
-terminal fibers in the ventricles only
-carry signals from the apex upward to all parts of the ventricles (push the blood towards the semilunar valves)
46
what do the electrical signals of the conduction system spread to?
-the contractile cardiac muscle cells of the myocardium
47
how would the circulation of blood in the heart be described?
-a closed system (blood is confined to the heart and blood vessels)
-a double circulation with 2 routes (systemic +pulmonary)
48
what is the path of pulmonary circulation?
-from the right ventricle to the lungs via the pulmonary arteries (deoxy blood)
-oxygen is picked up in the lungs via capillaries
-moves from the lungs to the left atria via pulmonary veins (oxy blood)
49
what is the path of systemic circulation?
-from the left ventricle to organs via the aorta (oxygenated
-organs take up oxygen via capillaries
-from the organs to the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
50
what are some examples of the subroutes of systemic circulation?
-cerebral (brain)
-hepatic (liver)
-coronary (heart)
-bronchial (respiratory system parts)
51
what is the path of coronary circulation for oxygenated blood?
-from the left ventricle to the aorta
-branches off to the right and left coronary arteries
-right coronary artery
branches off to the....
-posterior
interventricular artery
and the marginal
artery
-left coronary artery
branches off to the....
-anterior
interventricular
artery and the
circumflex artery
-from the arteries moves to the
arterioles and then the capillaries in the myocardium
52
what is the path of coronary circulation for deoxygenated blood?
-from the capillaries in the myocardium to the venules
-from the venules to the cardiac veins
-from the cardiac veins to a blood vessel called the coronary sinus
-finally goes from the coronary sinus to the right atrium
53
what is the basis of fetal circulation?
-fetus gets its O2 and nutrients from the mother
-fetus expels wastes to the mother's blood
-exchange site in the placenta (lungs are not functional)
54
do the fetus's blood and mother's blood supplies mix?
-fetus's blood and mother's blood do not mix, but their supplies are close together
55
what are the differences between fetal and adult circulation?
-fetal circulation contains the umbilical vein
-fetal circulation contains 3 shunts (hole/small passage)
-lungs and liver are non functional in fetal circulation (mothers organs handle their functions)
-only a small amount of blood flow is needed for nourishment and growth
56
what is the purpose of the umbilical vein?
-carries blood towards the fetal heart
-brings oxygenated blood from the placenta to the vena cava
57
what are the three shunts in fetal circulation?
-ductus venosus
-ductus arteriosus
-foramen ovale
58
what is the purpose of the ductus venosus?
-connects the umbilical vein (oxy blood) to the inferior vena cava (deoxy blood)
-allows most of the oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the liver
-blood mixes within the inferior vena cava and enters the right atrium
59
where is mixed blood located in fetal circulation?
-right atrium
-right ventricle
-left atrium
-left ventricle
-pulmonary arteries
-aorta
-umbilical arteries
-foramen ovale
-ductus arteriosus
60
what is the foramen ovale? what is its purpose?
-hole in the interatrial septum
-allows blood to move from the right to left atrium
-does so to bypass the lungs (not breathing so no gas exchange is occuring)
61
what is the purpose of the ductus arteriosus?
-connects the pulmonary trunk and the aorta
-does so to bypass the lungs (not breathing so no gas exchange is occuring)
62
where does mixed blood eventually turn into oxygenated blood?
-placenta
63
where is deoxygenated blood located in fetal circulation?
-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava (for a short time
-pulmonary veins
64
where is oxygenated blood located in fetal circulation?
-umbilical vein
65
what is the purpose of the umbilical arteries?
-carries blood away from the fetal heart
-returns mixed blood to the placenta
66
why would we want blood to bypass the lungs and other organs (liver) in fetal circulation?
-these organs in the fetus are non-functional
-they do not need the same amount of blood as a functioning organ would
-only need some blood flow to promote growth and nourishment
67
what are the 3 general layers of blood vessels? what is the center called?
-tunica externa
-tunica media
-tunica intima/interna
-center is called the lumen (NOT A LAYER)
68
what is the tunica externa?
-outside layer of blood vessels
-composed of CT
-for protection and reinforcement
-ability to anchor to its surroundings
69
what is the tunica media?
-middle layer of blood vessels
-composed of smooth muscle
-can constrict to make the lumen smaller
-controls how much blood is flowing to different areas
-composed of elastic fibers (CT)
-allows for flexibility
70
why would you want to control how much blood is flowing to different parts of the body?
-depending on your activities you will only need a certain amount of blood flow
-ex: running vs sitting watching tv
-depends on your bodies personal needs
71
what is the tunica intima/interna?
-inner layer of blood vessels
-in direct contact with blood
-composed of simple squamous epithelium
-layer is named the endothelium
-continuous with the endocardium
72
what is contained in the lumen of blood vessels?
-blood
73
what type of blood vessel does the general structure not apply to?
-capillaries
74
what are the 5 types of blood vessels?
-arteries
-arterioles
-capilleries
-venules
-veins
75
what are arteries?
-blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
-high pressure
76
what are the two types of arteries?
-elastic arteries
-muscular arteries
77
what are elastic arteries?
-composed of elastic CT in all 3 layers
-largest arteries (nearest to the heart)
-ex: aorta
78
what are muscular arteries?
-composed of LOTS of smooth muscle
-smaller distributing arteries (branched)
-make up most arteries
-ex: coronary artery
79
what are arterioles?
-smaller arteries
-help regulate blood flow and pressure
80
what are capillaries?
-smallest blood vessel
-allow for the exchange of gases + nutrients
-contain gaps that allow limited fluid + solutes to leak (exchange with the interstitial fluid) (LIMITED)
81
what makes capillaries different from the general structure?
-only contain an endothelium layer with a basement membrane (tunica intima)
82
what is the composition of venules? what is their purpose?
-contain a tunica intima with thin tunica media and thin tunica externa layers
-to collect blood from the capillaries
83
what are veins?
-bring blood back to the heart
-contain valves that prevent backflow of blood
-contain a large lumen
-thin tunica media layer (less smooth muscle)
-more connective tissue (greater stretching capacity)
84
how does the veins having less smooth muscle affect them?
-can cause them to collapse
85
what are the main characteristics of blood?
-connective tissue
-higher viscosity than water
-pH of 7.35-7.45
-4-6 liters of blood in an adult
86
why is blood more viscous than water?
-blood contains cells
87
what is blood composed of?
-plasma (matrix) (fluid portion with solutes) (majority)
-formed elements (cellular portion)
88
what is plasma?
-matrix of blood
-blood minus the formed elements
-composed of 90% water
-composed of 8% proteins
-composed of 2% other solutes
89
what is the most abundant plasma protein?
-albumin
90
what are the formed elements in the blood?
-red blood cells
-white blood cells
-platelets
91
what are red blood cells?
-also called erythrocytes
-most abundant cell type in the body
-biconcave disc shape
-anucleate (no nucleus or other organelles) once mature
-bind to and transport most of the oxygen in the blood
92
what is the significance of the shape of red blood cells?
-concave in the center to increase surface area
93
what is the hematocrit
-the percentage of red blood cells in blood volume
-around 45%
94
how long do red blood cells live? where are they destroyed?
-120 days (short lived)
-destroyed in the liver + spleen (recycled)
95
what are the components of red blood cells?
-hemoglobin (iron pigment protein)
-four globin chains (protein)
-four iron containing heme groups (red pigment)
-1 iron per heme
-site of reversible oxygen binding
96
what is the function of heme?
-attaches and transports O2
97
what is the function of globin?
-attaches and transports CO2
98
what are white blood cells?
-also called leukocytes
-varied life span (days-years)
-defend against disease
99
what are the two types of white blood cells?
-granulocytes (visible protein granules)
-agranulocytes (lack visible protein granules)
100
what are the 3 types of granulocytes?
-neutrophils (60%)
-eosinophils (3%)
-basophils (1%)
101
what is the function of neutrophils?
-phagocytic (engulf + digest invaders)
-kill bacteria
102
what is the function of eosinophils?
-attack blood parasites
103
what is the function of basophils?
-release histamine to increase inflammation
-release heparin to decrease local clotting during immune responses
104
what is the point of releasing heparin to decrease local clotting?
-allows for more white blood cells to get to the site of injury
-clotting would block the site
105
what are agranulocytes? what types are there?
-lymphocytes (35%)
-monocytes (5%)
106
what are the two types of lymphocytes?
-t lymphocytes
-b lymphocytes
107
what is the function of t lymphocytes?
-kill infected and diseased cells directly
-activate an immune response
-kill a tumor or virus
108
what is the function of b lymphocytes?
-become plasma cells
-release antibodies to circulate within plasma
-mark foreign substances for destruction
109
what are platelets?
-fragments of cells called megakaryocytes
-involved in clotting
-life span of 10 days if they are not used for clotting
-do not have a lot of organelles
110
what is hemopoiesis/ hematopoiesis?
-the formation of blood cells
-all blood cells come indirectly from hemocytoblast (stem cells) cells in red bone marrow
111
what are stem cells?
-cells that can form many different types of cells
112
where is red bone marrow found in the adult body?
-axial skeleton
-pelvic + pectoral girdles
-proximal ends of humerus and femur
113
how does the coronary sinus reach the right atrium?
-through a hole in the right atrium
114
what happens to the shunts within the fetal circulation?
-close following birth
115
what are the main proteins found within plasma?
-albumins
-fibrinogen
-globulin
-protein based hormones and enzymes
116
what are albumins for?
-carry substances like hormones, enzymes, and medicines throughout the body
-helps control tissue water balance
117
what is fibrinogen for?
-clot formation
118
what is globulin for?
-defence
-antibodies
-detect and bind foreign invaders (bacteria + viruses)
119
what other solutes are found in blood?
-nutrients
-vitamins
-wastes
-electrolytes
-oxygen + carbon dioxide
120
what is the function of lymphocytes? where are they typically found?
-immunity
-resist disease
-within lymphatic tissues
121
what is the function of monocytes?
-enter tissue and enlarge to become macrophages (big eater) (phagocytic)
122
what is an atrial septal defect?
-a hole in the interatrial septum
-commonly occurs due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale
123
what is atherosclerosis?
-build up of fat deposits in the tunica intima
-leads to a narrowing/blockage of arteries
