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Anatomy > Topic 10: Skeletal System > Flashcards

Topic 10: Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the standard anatomical position?

A

-feet, face, and palms forward

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2
Q

what does superior mean?

A

-towards the head or upper part of the body

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3
Q

what does inferior mean?

A

-below the head or toward the lower part of the body

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4
Q

what does anterior mean?

A

-toward the front of the body

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5
Q

what does posterior mean?

A

-toward the back of the body

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6
Q

what does medial mean?

A

-towards the midline of the body

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7
Q

what does lateral mean?

A

-away from the midline of the body

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8
Q

what does proximal mean?

A

-close to the origin/body part

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9
Q

what does distal mean?

A

-far away from the origin/body part

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10
Q

what does superficial mean?

A

-closer to the bodies surface

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11
Q

what does deep mean?

A

-far away from the bodies surface

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12
Q

what are the two divisions of the skeleton?

A

-axial skeleton
-appendicular skeleton

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13
Q

what bones create the axial skeleton?

A

-skull
-hyoid bone
-vertebral column
-thoracic cage
-sternum
-ribs

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14
Q

what bones create the appendicular skeleton?

A

-limbs + bones that attach to the axial skeleton (girdles)
-pectoral girdle
-pelvic girdle
-upper limb (arm, forearm,hand)
-lower limb (thigh, leg, foot)

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15
Q

what do we call the connections between bones?

A

-articulations
-ex: the humerus articulates with the scapula

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16
Q

what are the 3 main groupings of the skull?

A

-cranium
-facial bones
-auditory ossicles

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16
Q

what are the cranium bones?

A

-next to the brain
-1 frontal bone
-2 parietal bones
-2 temporal bones
-1 sphenoid bone
-1 ethmoid bone
-1 occipital bone

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17
Q

what does the ethmoid bone form?

A

-superior and middle nasal chonchae

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18
Q

what are the facial bones?

A

-2 nasal bones
-2 maxillae bones
-2 zygomatic bones
-2 lacrimal bones
-2 palatine bones
-2 inferior nasal chonchae
-1 vomer
-1 mandible

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19
Q

what facial bones form the hard palate?

A

-2 palatine
-2 maxillae

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20
Q

what are paired bones?

A

-bones that we have two of
-ex: left and right temporal bones

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21
Q

what are the auditory ossicles?

A

-incus
-malleus
-stapes

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22
Q

what is the function of the hyoid bone?

A

-attaches muscles of the tongue and neck
-assists in swallowing
-does not contain joints/connections/ articulations to other bones

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23
Q

how many vertebrae form the vertebral column? how many regions are there?

A

-26 vertebrae
-5 regions

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24
Q

-what are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

A

-cervical (7)
-thoracic (12)
-lumbar (5)
-sacrum
-coccyx

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25
Q

what is the typical vertebrae structure?

A

-body (thick anterior portion)
-spinous process (medial posterior projection)
-2 transverse processes (lateral bony projections)
-2 lamina (connects the spinous and transverse)
-2 pedicles (connects body to the transverse process)
-vertebral foramen (hole for spinal cord)
-superior + inferior articular facets
-intervertebral foramina (exit for spinal nerves)

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26
Q

what is the purpose of the transverse processes?

A

-muscle attachment

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27
Q

what articulates with the superior and inferior articular facets?

A

-vertebrae above and below

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28
Q

what are the atypical vertebrae of the cervical region? what makes them atypical?

A

-C1 (atlas)
-no body or spinous
process
-C2 (axis)
-contain the dens
(odontoid process)

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29
Q

what does the C1 (atlas) vertebrae articulate with? what motion does this allow for?

A

-occipital condyle of the skull
-allows for a nodding yes motion

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30
Q

what is the purpose of the odontoid process of the C2 (axis) vertebrae? what motion does it allow for?

A

-pivot joint where the atlas swivels
-allows for a shaking no motion

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31
Q

what feature do all cervical vertebrae share?

A

-transverse foramina

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32
Q

what do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with? how do they do this?

A

-articulate with the ribs
-do so with the costal facets on the transverse processes

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33
Q

what is special about lumbar vertebrae? how does this relate to their function?

A

-have large bodies and rectangular spinous processes
-helps support upper body weight

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34
Q

what does the sacrum consist of?

A

-5 fused vertebrae

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35
Q

what articulates with the sacrum?

A

-ilium
-5th lumbar vertebrae

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36
Q

what is the coccyx composed of? what is its other name?

A

-3-5 fused vertebrae (typically 4)
-the tailbone

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37
Q

what is the curvature of the cervical and lumbar regions?

A

–convex anteriorly
-concave posteriorly

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38
Q

what is the curvature of the thoracic and sacrum regions?

A

-concave anteriorly
-convex posteriorly

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39
Q

what does convex and concave mean?

A

-concave is going inward
-convex is going outward

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40
Q

what are the 3 abnormal curvatures?

A

-scoliosis
-kyphosis
-lordosis

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41
Q

what is the curvature of scoliosis?

A

-spinal column curves laterally

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42
Q

what is the curvature of kyphosis?

A

-exaggerated thoracic curve
-hunchback

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43
Q

what is the curvature of lordosis?

A

-exaggerated lumbar curve
-swayback
-hoe.

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44
Q

what is the thoracic cage?

A

-sternum (breastbone)
-ribs

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45
Q

what are the 3 parts of the sternum?

A

-manubrium (superior)
-body (middle)
-xiphoid process (inferior)

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46
Q

what do the ribs articulate with?

A

-with the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly

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47
Q

how many pairs of ribs do you have? which pairs are true and which are false?

A

-12 pairs total
-7 pairs of true ribs
-5 pairs of false ribs
-contains 2 pairs of
floating ribs

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48
Q

what makes ribs “true ribs”?

A

-attach directly to the sternum via costal cartilage

49
Q

what type of cartilage is costal cartilage?

A

-hyaline cartilage

50
Q

what makes ribs “false ribs”?

A

-attach indirectly to the sternum via costal cartilage (8-10)
-attach not at all (11-12)
-floating ribs

51
Q

what keeps the floating ribs floating?

A

-they are embedded in muscle

52
Q

what creates the pectoral girdle?

A

-clavicle
-scapula

53
Q

what does the clavicle articulate with?

A

-the manubrium of the sternum and the acromion process of the scapula

54
Q

what does the clavicle connect?

A

-the axial and appendicular skeletons

55
Q

what are the parts of the scapula?

A

-spine (posterior)
-acromion process
-glenoid fossa
-coracoid process

56
Q

what does the glenoid fossa articulate with?

A

-head of the humerus

57
Q

what is the purpose of the coracoid process?

A

-attaches muscles for the arm and chest

58
Q

what is the pelvic girdle composed of?

A

-2 os coxae (hip bones)

59
Q

what are the 3 bones of the os coxa (hip bone)?

A

-ilium
-ischium
-pubis

60
Q

what is the most inferior part of the ischium called?

A

-ischial tuberosity

61
Q

what joins the left and right pubis bones?

A

-pubic symphysis

62
Q

what are the 3 joints of the pelvic girdle?

A

-pubic symphysis
-sacroiliac joint (sacrum + ilium)
-acetabulum (all 3 bones join here)

63
Q

what articulates with the acetabulum?

A

-head of the femur

64
Q

what joins the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

-sacroiliac joint

65
Q

what bones create the upper limb?

A

-humerus
-radius (lateral)
-ulna (medial)
-8 carpals
-5 metacarpals (palm)
-14 phalanges (digits/fingers)
per side, double for body

66
Q

which bones of the upper limb are considered long bones?

A

-all except the carpals

67
Q

what bones create the lower limb?

A

-femur
-patella (knee cap)
-tibia (medial)
-fibula (lateral)
-7 tarsals
-5 metatarsals (sole)
-14 phalanges (digits/toes)

68
Q

what are the two main tarsals?

A

-talus
-calcaneus (heel bone)

69
Q

what does the talus articulate with?

A

tibia

70
Q

which bones of the lower limb are long bones?

A

-all except the patella and tarsals

71
Q

what features do you need to know to differentiate right and left bones?

A

-what is medial/lateral
-what is anterior/posterior

72
Q

how do you tell a left and right scapula apart?

A

-spine (posterior)
-glenoid fossa (lateral)

73
Q

how do you tell a left and right humerus apart?

A

-olecranon fossa (posterior)
-head (medial)

74
Q

how do you tell a right and left femur apart?

A

-lateral/medial condyles (posterior)
-head (medial)

75
Q

how do you tell a right and left tibia apart?

A

-tibial tuberosity (anterior)
-medial malleolus (medial)

76
Q

what are the components of long bone?

A

-diaphysis
-epiphyses
-epiphyseal plate
-medullary cavity
-periosteum
-endosteum
-articular cartilage

77
Q

what is the diaphysis?

A

-body of the bone

78
Q

what is the epiphyses?

A

-proximal and distal ends (extremities) of the bone

79
Q

what is the epiphyseal plate?

A

-made of cartilage
-used for bone growth and length

80
Q

what is the epiphyseal line

A

-replaces the epiphyseal plate with bone instead of cartilage once growth is complete
-where the diaphysis and epiphyses meet

81
Q

what is the medullary cavity?

A

-contains bone marrow
-red bone marrow in children
-yellow bone marrow in adults

82
Q

what is the difference between the epiphyseal line and epiphyseal plate?

A

-epiphyseal line = mature, made of bone
-epiphyseal plate = immature, made of cartilage

83
Q

what is the periosteum?

A

-external surface/membrane
-2 layers of connective tissue

84
Q

what two layers of connective tissue form the periosteum? what do these layers allow?

A

-outer = dense irregular
-tendon, muscle, and
ligament attachment
-inner = osteoblasts + osteoclasts (bone)
-allows bone to grow
in diameter

85
Q

what is the endosteum?

A

-lines the medullary cavity and canals

86
Q

what is articular cartilage? where is it found? what is its function?

A

-hyaline cartilage
-found only at articulation points
-prevents friction between bones (no periosteum here)

87
Q

what cells does bone CT consist of?

A

-osteoblasts
-osteocytes
-osteoclasts

88
Q

what does the matrix of bone CT consist of?

A

-ground substance
-phosphate salts for
strength
-collagen fibers for flexibility

89
Q

what are the two types of bone?

A

-compact bone
-covers external surfaces
of all bones
-spongy bone

90
Q

what is the structure of compact bone?

A

-composed of osteons

91
Q

what does each osteon contain?

A

-lamellae
-lacunae
-canaliculi
-osteonic/central canal
-interosteonic/perforating canal

92
Q

what is the lamellae?

A

-circles of extracellular matrix

93
Q

what is the lacunae?

A

-spaces within the matrix where osteocytes live

94
Q

what is the canaliculi?

A

-small channels that connect osteocytes to the blood supply and to each other

95
Q

what is the osteonic/central canal?

A

-contains blood vessels and nerves
-lined with endosteum

96
Q

what is the interosteonic/perforating canal?

A

-perpendicular to the central canal
-carry blood supply from the periosteum to the central canals and medullary cavity

97
Q

what is the structure of spongy bone?

A

-no osteons
-have trabeculae
-canaliculi connect osteocytes in the lacunae
-spaces that contain red bone marrow to produce blood cells

98
Q

what are the trabeculae?

A

-irregularly arranged lamellae

99
Q

where can you find spongy bone?

A

-flat and irregular bones
-ex: skull, ribs, vertebrae
-long bones
-ex: epiphyses, lining the
medullary cavity

100
Q

what characteristics does cartilage CT have?

A

-hyaline cartilage
-cells (chondrocytes in lacunae)
-matrix
-non-vascular

101
Q

what is the matrix of cartilage?

A

-ground substance
-chondroitin sulphate
-hyaluronic acid
-water
-collagen fibres

102
Q

what are the two classes of articulations/joints?

A

-structural
-functional

103
Q

what are structural classifications of joints based on?

A

-presence and absence of joint cavity
-type of CT

104
Q

what are the types of structural joints?

A

-fibrous
-cartilaginous
-synovial

105
Q

what are the characteristics of fibrous joints?

A

-no joint cavity
-fibrous CT
-ex: sutures in the skull or fontanelles in newborns

106
Q

what are the characteristics of cartilaginous joints?

A

-no joint cavity
-cartilage attaches the bones
-ex: pubic symphysis and costal cartilages of ribs

107
Q

what are the characteristics of synovial joints?

A

-articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage to reduce friction)
-contain a joint cavity
-has synovial fluid
(reduces friction)
-has a articular/joint capsule

108
Q

what is an articular/joint capsule?

A

-outer layer is a fibrous capsule
-attaches to periosteum
-can have ligaments
within to thicken it
-inner layer is a synovial membrane (CT only)
-secretes synovial fluid

109
Q

what are the types of synovial joints?

A

-plane/gliding
-hinge
-pivot
-ball and socket

110
Q

how are synovial joints catagorized?

A

-according to the shape of articulating bones

111
Q

what are plane/gliding joints?

A

-flat surfaces
-ex: sacroiliac joint

112
Q

what are hinge joints?

A

-concave + convex surfaces
-ex: elbow or knee joints

113
Q

what are pivot joints?

A

-projections in a ring
-ex: dens on the axis in the atlas

114
Q

what are ball and socket joints?

A

-great freedom of movement
-ex: humerus in glenoid fossa
-ex: femur in acetabulum (hip)

115
Q

what are functional joints based on?

A

-degree of movement

116
Q

what are the types of functional joints?

A

-synarthrotic
-amphiarthrotic
-diarthrotic

117
Q

what are synarthrotic joints?

A

-immovable
-ex: skull sutures

118
Q

what are amphiarthrotic joints?

A

-slightly moveable
-ex:pubic symphysis

119
Q

what are diarthrotic joints?

A

-freely moveable
-ex: hip and shoulder joints

Anatomy (29 decks)

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