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Anatomy > Topic 14: Respiratory System > Flashcards

Topic 14: Respiratory System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main functions of the respiratory system

A

-air movement (ventilation) (in+out of lungs)
-exchange of gases between the lungs and blood (O2 + CO2)

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2
Q

What are the 2 subdivisions of the respiratory system?

A

-upper respiratory system
-lower respiratory system

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3
Q

what does the upper respiratory system contain?

A

-nose
-nasal cavity
-pharynx

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4
Q

what does the lower respiratory system contain?

A

-larynx
-trachea
-bronchial tree
-lungs

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5
Q

What is the mucosa lining of the respiratory system?

A

-ciliated pseudostratified epithelial tissue with goblet cells
-lamina propria (areolar CT)

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6
Q

what is the purpose of the epithelial tissue being ciliated?

A

-cilia sweeps mucus to the esophagus where it gets swallowed

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7
Q

what is the structure of the nose?

A

-supported by bone and hyaline cartilage
-contains nostrils/nares

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8
Q

what is the main entry point of the respiratory system? what can also be considered an entry point? why is this not the main entry point?

A

-nostrils are the main entry point
-the mouth is another entry point
-not the main entry point because it is the main entry point of the digestive system

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9
Q

what is the only visible part of the respiratory system?

A

-nose

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A

-airway passage (heats, moistens, and filters air)
-olfaction (smell)
-speech (resonance chamber)

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11
Q

what is a resonance chamber?

A

-transfers sound energy to the air

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12
Q

what divides the nasal cavity? what creates this?

A

-nasal septum
-anterior portion is hyaline cartilage
-posterior portion is made up of bone (vomer=main) (ethmoid=main) (maxillae=small) (palatine bones=small)

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13
Q

what are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity?

A

-vestibule
-respiratory area
-olfactory area

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14
Q

what is the vestibule area of the nasal cavity?

A

-anterior region
-no mucosa
-lined by thin skin with hair to filter dust + pollen

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15
Q

what is the respiratory area of the nasal cavity?

A

-posterior region
-contains chonchae + nasal meatuses
-opening for the nasolacrimal duct

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16
Q

what are chonchae?

A

-protrude medially from the lateral walls of the respiratory area of the nasal cavity
-superior + middle (projection of the ethmoid)
-inferior (separate bone)

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17
Q

what do the chonchae and nasal meatuses cause?

A

-air turbulence to humidify air and trap dust and pollen onto the ciliated epithelium

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18
Q

what does the nasolacrimal duct connect? what does this allow for?

A

-the medial region of the eye to the inferior nasal meatus
-lacrimal fluid (tears) to drain into the nasal cavity

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19
Q

what is the olfactory area of the nasal cavity?

A

-roof of the nasal cavity
-mucosa contains olfactory neurons (sensory receptors for sense of smell)

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20
Q

what are the paranasal sinuses?

A

-8 air filled spaces in the skull (no blood flow)
-paired left and right
-open directly into the nasal cavity

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21
Q

where are the paranasal sinuses located?

A

-frontal
-sphenoid
-ethmoid
-maxillae

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22
Q

what is the function of the paranasal sinuses?

A

-to warm and moisten air

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23
Q

what is sinusitis?

A

-inflammation of the mucous membranes within the sinuses due to infection

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24
Q

what is the pharynx also known as?

A

-throat

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25
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
-nasopharynx -oropharynx -laryngopharynx
26
what are the characteristics of the nasopharynx?
-posterior to the nasal cavity -passage for air only -contains pharyngeal tonsil + openings
27
what are the openings of the nasopharynx?
-2 posterior nasal apertures -2 pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes
28
what are the characteristics of the oropharynx?
-posterior to the oral cavity -air + food passage -mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium -extends from the soft palate to the top of the epiglottis -contains the other palatine tonsils and lingual tonsil
29
what are the characteristics of the laryngopharynx?
-posterior to the larynx -air + food passage -mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium -extends from the epiglottis to the opening of the larynx
30
what are the characteristics of the larynx?
-anterior to the laryngopharynx -air passage only -made of 8 hyaline cartilages and 1 elastic cartilage
31
what are the characteristics of the epiglottis?
-covers the glottis during swallowing to prevent food from entering the larynx -made of elastic cartilage (flexible)
32
what forms the vocal cords?
-2 paired folds under the laryngeal mucosa in the mid larynx -ligaments
33
what are the two paired vocal cord folds?
-vestibular folds -vocal folds
34
what is the vestibular fold?
-false vocal cords -superior fold -helps close the glottis
35
what is the vocal fold?
-true vocal cords -inferior fold -produce sound by vibration
36
what is the glottis?
-the space that includes the true vocal cords and their opening between -closes to prevent food + liquid from entering the trachea
37
what is laryngitis? what causes it?
-inflammation of the larynx -can arise from infection or irritation
38
what is the trachea?
-connects the larynx to the main bronchi -20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage -air passageway only
39
what is the trachea's anatomical position in relation to the esophagus?
-trachea is anterior to the esophagus
40
why does the opening of the C-shaped cartilage of the trachea face the esophagus?
-to allow for expansion of the esophagus (contractions)
41
what is the bronchial tree?
-connects the trachea to the alveoli of lungs -extends from left and right main bronchi to alveolar ducts -air passageway that branches into very small passageways
42
what are the two types of structures within the bronchial tree?
-conducting zone structures -respiratory zone structures
43
what are the conducting zone structures?
-2 main (primary) bronchi (left/right) -5 lobar (secondary) bronchi (3 right/2 left) -segmental bronchi (various branching) -terminal bronchioles (various branching)
44
what is the transition of mucosa from the main bronchi to the terminal bronchioles?
-ciliated pseudostratified epithelium to ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium
45
what are the respiratory zone structures?
-respiratory bronchioles (various branching) -alveolar ducts (tips of bronchial tree) -alveoli -sites of gas exchange
46
what are alveoli?
-honeycomb-like chambers -main site of gas exchange -form part of the respiratory membrane -have millions
47
what is the transition of mucosa from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar ducts?
-ciliated simple cuboidal epithelium to simple squamous
48
what is purpose of surfactant?
-covers the inner surface of alveoli -reduces attractive forces between water molecules -makes it easier for alveoli to expand during inhalation
49
why does the blood going through the pulmonary veins coming from the lung/bronchial tissue stay oxygenated?
-most blood is already oxygenated -has little effect
50
what separates the right and left lung?
-mediastinum (cavity)
51
how many lobes does each lung have?
-right = 3 lobes, superior, middle, inferior -left = 2 lobes, superior, inferior
52
what does the left lung contain that the right lung does not?
-cardiac notch (spot where the heart lies)
53
what is the serous membrane of the lungs called?
-pleura -visceral and parietal pleura -forms the pleural cavity
54
where is the visceral layer of the pleura located?
-on the surface of the lung
55
where is the parietal layer of the pleura located?
-on the inner thoracic wall, superior diaphragm and mediastinum
56
what is the purpose of the pleural cavity?
-filled with serous fluid -prevents friction when the lungs move -holds lungs to the thoracic cavity wall
57
what makes up the respiratory membrane?
-3 layers -2 epithelia + their fused basement membrane
58
what are the 3 layers of the respiratory membrane?
-wall of alveolus (alveoli) -basement membranes of the alveolus + capillary -wall of capillary
59
what forms the walls of the alveoli?
-simple epithelium -2 cell types
60
what are the 3 cell types in the alveolus wall?
-Type I alveolar cells -Type II alveolar cells
61
what are the characteristics of type I alveolar cells?
-simple squamous -allow for gas diffusion -majority of the cells
62
what are the characteristics of type II alveolar cells?
-simple cuboidal -secrete surfactant
63
what are the characteristics of macrophages?
-free moving between blood and alveoli -remove dust, pathogens and cellular debris -white blood cells
64
what allows for air movement between adjacent alveoli?
-alveolar pores (openings)
65
what type of tissue is the wall of a capillary?
-simple squamous epithelium -endothelium
66
what are the characteristics of bronchial circulation?
-subdivision of systemic -blood used to nourish the lung tissue -contains bronchial arteries (arise from aorta) -bronchial vein OR pulmonary veins
67
what do the bronchial arteries carry? where to? where not to?
-oxygenated blood -to lung tissues (ex: bronchi) -not to the respiratory portions
68
where does the returning blood of bronchial circulation come from?
-bronchial veins (little blood) to right atrium -pulmonary veins (most blood) to left atrium
69
what is pulmonary edema?
-accumulation of fluid in the lungs -between cells + within alveoli
70
what is pulmonary embolism?
-blockage of pulmonary vasculature (blood vessels) -due to blood clot, arteriosclerosis, air bubbles in vessels
71
what are nasal meatuses?
-channels between nasal chonchae where air passes
72
what is the purpose of there being no blood flow in the paranasal sinuses?
-make the skull lighter
73
what do the two posterior nasal apertures connect?
-nasal cavity to the nasopharynx
74
what do the two pharyngotympanic (auditory) tubes connect?
-middle ear to the nasopharynx
75
where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
-on the posterior wall
76
what is the one elastic cartilage in the larynx?
-epiglottis
77
where do the 2 main bronchi branch off and where do they lead?
-branch off the trachea and lead to each lung

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