Lab 1 Questions Flashcards by Zenah Large

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

-synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones

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what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

-synthesizes secretory, lysosomal, and membrane proteins

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what is the function of the mitochondria?

-ATP synthesis

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what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

-modifies, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins for lysosomes, cell membrane, or secretion

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what is the function of the nucleus?

-acts as the cell control center

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what is the function of the nuclear membrane?

-connection to the cytoplasm

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what is the function of the nucleolus?

-assembles and synthesizes ribosomes

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what is the function of the centrosomes?

-organizes the cytoskeleton
-organizing centers for microtubules
-builds the spindle apparatus

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what is the function of the ribosomes?

-sites for protein synthesis

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what are the membranous organelles?

-nucleus
-mitochondria
-rough ER
-smooth ER
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes (not on models)

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what are the non-membranous organelles?

-centrosomes
-ribosomes
-nucleolus
-cytoskeleton (not on models)

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which two components make up the cytoplasm of the cell?

-cytosol
-organelles

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what features can tell you if a cell is in interphase?

-nucleus is present
-chromosomes in chromatin form
-cell is not splitting

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what is the purpose of mitosis?

-to produce two identical diploid daughter cells

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how many chromosomes are present in a diploid human daughter cell?

-46

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what occurs in interphase?

-G1 Phase
-growth and metabolism
-centrosome replication begins
-46 single chromosomes (46 chromatids)
-S Phase
-chromosomes replicate (still present as chromatin)
-always occurs before division
-replicates are called sister chromatids
-they attach to each other at the centromere
(kinetechore is formed)
-46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
-G2 Phase
-growth and metabolism
-production of enzymes and other proteins
needed for cell division
-centrosome replication completed

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what occurs in prophase?

-chromosomes condense (thicken+coil) (can now be seen individually)
-nucleoli disappear and the nuclear envelope breaks
-centrosomes move to either pole (ends of the cell)
-microtubules form the spindle apparatus
-attaches to
kinetochore
-moves
chromosomes to
the cell equators

what occurs in metaphase?

-46 chromosomes line up on the cell equator

what occurs in anaphase?

-cytokinesis begins
-spindle microtubules shorten
-pulls the kinetochores
to separate the sister
chromatids
-46 chromatids migrate to each pole

what occurs in telophase?

-reverse of prophase
-chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
-nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappears
-spindle disassembles
-cytokinesis is completed (during or after telophase ends)

are the daughter cells produced by mitosis diploid or haploid?

-diploid

after mitosis and cytokinesis are completed what stage will the daughter cells enter if they are going to divide again?

-Interphase G1

after mitosis and cytokinesis are completed what stage will the daughter cells enter if they are NOT going to divide again?

-G0

what is the purpose of meiosis?

-to create 4 haploid gametes from 1 diploid germ cell
-gametes will combine (sperm + ovum) to form a diploid cell

what is the main purpose of meiosis I?

-to seperate homolgous chromosomes to create 2 haploid cells (intermediate) -23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)

what is the main purpose of meiosis II?

-to seperate sister chromatids to create 4 haploid gametes -23 chromosomes (23 chromatids)

what occurs in prophase I of meiosis?

-homologous chromosomes attach together (form tetrads) -crossing over -piece of 1 chromatid exchanges with a matching piece of the homologous chromosome

what occurs in metaphase I of meiosis?

-23 tetrads line up along the cell equator

what occurs in anaphase I of meiosis?

-tetrads separate into homologous chromosomes (with 2 sister chromatids) and migrate to each pole -done so with the spindle apparatus -chromatids do not separate

is anything different in interphase and telophase of meiosis?

-nope!

how is meiosis II different from meiosis I

-just has 23 chromosomes instead of 46 -metaphase II -23 chromosomes line up at the equator -anaphase II -23 chromatids migrate to each pole

what cellular process allows the zygote to change into the morula?

-mitosis (cleavage divisions) -same size, but the morula is composed of more cells

what becomes the chorion in later stages of development?

-trophoblast of the blastocyst

what becomes the embryo in later stages of development?

-the epiblast -forms the 3 germ layers of the embryo

what structures are derived from the embryoblast (inner cell mass)

-bi-layered embryonic disc -epiblast (forms 3 germ layers) -hypoblast (forms the yolk sac) - amnion/amniotic cavity

what structures are derived from mitosis of the epiblast?

-embryo (3 germ layers) -amnion -amniotic cavity

what structures are formed from the mitosis of trophoblast cells?

-chorion -chorionic villi

what structure produces the first red blood cells?

-yolk sac

what structures are formed from the mitosis of the hypoblast

-yolk sac -indirectly forms the allantois (umbilical cord + bladder)

what structure forms the fetal part of the placenta?

-chorionic villi