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Anatomy > Lab 1 Questions > Flashcards

Lab 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-synthesizes lipids and steroid hormones

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2
Q

what is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

-synthesizes secretory, lysosomal, and membrane proteins

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3
Q

what is the function of the mitochondria?

A

-ATP synthesis

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4
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A

-modifies, sorts, packages, and delivers proteins for lysosomes, cell membrane, or secretion

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5
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

-acts as the cell control center

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6
Q

what is the function of the nuclear membrane?

A

-connection to the cytoplasm

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7
Q

what is the function of the nucleolus?

A

-assembles and synthesizes ribosomes

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8
Q

what is the function of the centrosomes?

A

-organizes the cytoskeleton
-organizing centers for microtubules
-builds the spindle apparatus

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9
Q

what is the function of the ribosomes?

A

-sites for protein synthesis

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10
Q

what are the membranous organelles?

A

-nucleus
-mitochondria
-rough ER
-smooth ER
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes (not on models)

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11
Q

what are the non-membranous organelles?

A

-centrosomes
-ribosomes
-nucleolus
-cytoskeleton (not on models)

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12
Q

which two components make up the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

-cytosol
-organelles

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13
Q

what features can tell you if a cell is in interphase?

A

-nucleus is present
-chromosomes in chromatin form
-cell is not splitting

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14
Q

what is the purpose of mitosis?

A

-to produce two identical diploid daughter cells

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15
Q

how many chromosomes are present in a diploid human daughter cell?

A

-46

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16
Q

what occurs in interphase?

A

-G1 Phase
-growth and metabolism
-centrosome replication begins
-46 single chromosomes (46 chromatids)
-S Phase
-chromosomes replicate (still present as chromatin)
-always occurs before division
-replicates are called sister chromatids
-they attach to each other at the centromere
(kinetechore is formed)
-46 chromosomes, 92 chromatids
-G2 Phase
-growth and metabolism
-production of enzymes and other proteins
needed for cell division
-centrosome replication completed

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17
Q

what occurs in prophase?

A

-chromosomes condense (thicken+coil) (can now be seen individually)
-nucleoli disappear and the nuclear envelope breaks
-centrosomes move to either pole (ends of the cell)
-microtubules form the spindle apparatus
-attaches to
kinetochore
-moves
chromosomes to
the cell equators

18
Q

what occurs in metaphase?

A

-46 chromosomes line up on the cell equator

19
Q

what occurs in anaphase?

A

-cytokinesis begins
-spindle microtubules shorten
-pulls the kinetochores
to separate the sister
chromatids
-46 chromatids migrate to each pole

20
Q

what occurs in telophase?

A

-reverse of prophase
-chromosomes uncoil into chromatin
-nucleoli and nuclear envelope reappears
-spindle disassembles
-cytokinesis is completed (during or after telophase ends)

21
Q

are the daughter cells produced by mitosis diploid or haploid?

A

-diploid

22
Q

after mitosis and cytokinesis are completed what stage will the daughter cells enter if they are going to divide again?

A

-Interphase G1

23
Q

after mitosis and cytokinesis are completed what stage will the daughter cells enter if they are NOT going to divide again?

A

-G0

24
Q

what is the purpose of meiosis?

A

-to create 4 haploid gametes from 1 diploid germ cell
-gametes will combine (sperm + ovum) to form a diploid cell

25
Q

what is the main purpose of meiosis I?

A

-to seperate homolgous chromosomes to create 2 haploid cells (intermediate)
-23 chromosomes (46 chromatids)

26
Q

what is the main purpose of meiosis II?

A

-to seperate sister chromatids to create 4 haploid gametes
-23 chromosomes (23 chromatids)

27
Q

what occurs in prophase I of meiosis?

A

-homologous chromosomes attach together (form tetrads)
-crossing over
-piece of 1 chromatid
exchanges with a
matching piece of
the homologous
chromosome

28
Q

what occurs in metaphase I of meiosis?

A

-23 tetrads line up along the cell equator

29
Q

what occurs in anaphase I of meiosis?

A

-tetrads separate into homologous chromosomes (with 2 sister chromatids) and migrate to each pole
-done so with the
spindle apparatus
-chromatids do not separate

30
Q

is anything different in interphase and telophase of meiosis?

A

-nope!

31
Q

how is meiosis II different from meiosis I

A

-just has 23 chromosomes instead of 46
-metaphase II
-23 chromosomes line
up at the equator
-anaphase II
-23 chromatids
migrate to each pole

32
Q

what cellular process allows the zygote to change into the morula?

A

-mitosis (cleavage divisions)
-same size, but the morula is composed of more cells

33
Q

what becomes the chorion in later stages of development?

A

-trophoblast of the blastocyst

34
Q

what becomes the embryo in later stages of development?

A

-the epiblast
-forms the 3 germ layers of the embryo

35
Q

what structures are derived from the embryoblast (inner cell mass)

A

-bi-layered embryonic disc
-epiblast (forms 3 germ layers)
-hypoblast (forms the yolk sac)
- amnion/amniotic cavity

36
Q

what structures are derived from mitosis of the epiblast?

A

-embryo (3 germ layers)
-amnion
-amniotic cavity

37
Q

what structures are formed from the mitosis of trophoblast cells?

A

-chorion
-chorionic villi

38
Q

what structure produces the first red blood cells?

A

-yolk sac

39
Q

what structures are formed from the mitosis of the hypoblast

A

-yolk sac
-indirectly forms the allantois (umbilical cord + bladder)

40
Q

what structure forms the fetal part of the placenta?

A

-chorionic villi

Anatomy (29 decks)

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