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Anatomy > Topic 18: Endocrine System > Flashcards

Topic 18: Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

what is the basis of the endocrine system?

A

-contains ductless glands + endocrine tissues within other organs
-secretes chemical (hormones) into the blood

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2
Q

how are hormones transported within the endocrine system?

A

-transported to target cells by circulation

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3
Q

what is a target cell?

A

-a cell with a receptor that is for a specific hormone

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4
Q

what are the hormone classes?

A

-steroids
-hormones derived from amino acids
-peptide + protein hormones

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5
Q

what are steroids?

A

-synthesized from cholesterol
-fat soluble
-ex: testosterone, estrogen, vitamin d

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6
Q

what are 2 examples of hormones derived from amino acids?

A

-derived from tyrosine
-thyroxine/T4
-epinephrine + norepinephrine

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7
Q

what is thyroxine/T4?

A

-a thyroid hormone
-fat soluble
-controls cellular metabolism

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8
Q

what is epinephrine + norepinephrine

A

-catecholamines
-adrenal medulla hormones
-water soluble
-short term stress 9fight or flight response)

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9
Q

what are peptide + protein hormones?

A

-chains of amino acids
-can be fat or water soluble (mainly water)
-ex: oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), growth hormone (GH), insulin

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10
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A

-do not contain ducts
-glands with no other function

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11
Q

what are examples of endocrine glands?

A

-pituitary gland
-thyroid gland
-parathyroid glands
-adrenal glands

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12
Q

what is the pituitary gland?

A

-suspended from the hypothalamus
-in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
-has 2 lobes

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13
Q

what are the 2 lobes of the pituitary gland?

A

-anterior pituitary
-posterior pituitary

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14
Q

what are the characteristics of the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

-epithelial tissue
-hormone secretion is regulated by hormones released by the hypothalamus

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15
Q

what hormones are released by the anterior pituitary lobe?

A

-metabolism hormones
-ex: growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-reproductive hormones
-ex: luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin (PRL)

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16
Q

what is the function of growth hormone?

A

-promotes growth or metabolism

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17
Q

what is the function of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)?

A

-stimulates the secretion of the thyroid

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18
Q

what is the function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?

A

-stimulates the secretion of adrenal steroids

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19
Q

what is the function of prolactin (PRL)?

A

-stimulates milk formation

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20
Q

what are the characteristics of the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

-nervous tissue
-extension of the hypothalamus
-hormones produced in the hypothalamus, stored + secreted from the posterior pituitary

21
Q

what hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary lobe?

A

-oxytocin
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

22
Q

what is the function of oxytocin?

A

-stimulates uterine contractions and milk ejection

23
Q

what is the function of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?

A

-water reabsorption in the kidney

24
Q

what are the characteristics of the thyroid gland?

A

-butterfly shaped
-on the anterior surface of the superior part of the trachea

25
Q

what is the histology of the thyroid?

A

-follicles
-parafollicular cells

26
Q

what cells create the walls of follicles in the thyroid gland? what do these cells produce?

A

-epithelial cells (follicle cells)
-produce T4

27
Q

what are parafollicular cells?

A

-between the follicles
-secrete calcitonin

28
Q

what is the function of calcitonin?

A

-increases Ca2+ uptake into bone (bone formation)
-lowers blood Ca2+

29
Q

what are the parathyroid glands?

A

-secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
-4 typically (embedded in the posterior thyroid)

30
Q

what is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

A

-increases blood Ca2+

31
Q

how does the parathyroid hormone (PTH) increase blood Ca2+?

A

-increase the Ca2+ release from bone (bone resorption) which activates osteoclasts
-decrease the Ca2+ loss in urine (kidney)
-increase the vitamin D activation (kidney)
-vitamin D increases the absorption of Ca2+ at the small intestine

32
Q

what are the adrenal glands?

A

-on the superior surface of each kidney (2 total)
-2 parts

33
Q

what are the 2 parts of the adrenal glands?

A

-adrenal cortex (outer)
-adrenal medulla (inner)

34
Q

what is the adrenal cortex?

A

-epithelial tissue
-outer layer
-only secretes steroids
-has 3 layers which each secrete a different hormone

35
Q

what are the 3 layers of the adrenal cortex? superficial to deep.

A

-zona glomerulosa
-zona fasciculata
-zona reticularis

36
Q

what hormone does the zona glomerulosa secrete? what is its function?

A

-mineralocorticoids (mainly aldosterone)
-salt balance (NaCl)

37
Q

what hormone does the zona fasciculata secrete? what is its function?

A

-secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)
-long-term stress hormone
-carbohydrate metabolism

38
Q

what hormone does the zona reticularis secrete?

A

-secretes androgens + small amounts of testosterone
-some get converted into estrogen by other tissues (fat tissues/adipose)

39
Q

what is the adrenal medulla? what hormones does it secrete?

A

-nervous tissue
-inner layer
-secretes 2 main hormones
-epinephrine (80%)
-norepinephrine (20%)

40
Q

what endocrine tissues?

A

-function in organs that have other non-endocrine functions as well

41
Q

what are examples of endocrine tissues?

A

-pancreatic islets of langerhans
-hypothalamus
-gonads
-other

42
Q

what are the pancreatic islets?

A

-4 cell types (only cover 2)
-alpha cells
-beta cells

43
Q

what do the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets produce? what is its function?

A

-produce glucagon
-increases blood glucose

44
Q

what do the beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce? what is its function?

A

-produce insulin
-decreases blood glucose

45
Q

what does the hypothalamus do?

A

-regulates the anterior pituitary lobe with hormones
-growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
-growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)
-gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

46
Q

what does gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulate the release of?

A

-FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
-LH (luteinizing hormone)

47
Q

which cells release testosterone in the testes?

A

-leydig cells

48
Q

which cells in the ovaries release estrogen + progesterone?

A

-cells of secondary oocytes + vesicular follicles release estrogen
-corpus luteum releases estrogen + progesterone

49
Q

what other organs have endocrine tissues? what hormones do they secrete?

A

-duodenum = secretin
-kidney = renin
-skin = vitamin D
-heart = atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Anatomy (29 decks)

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