Topic 16: Circulatory and Respiratory Systems

Question 1

Lymphatic system

Answer 1

open accessory in closed systems

Question 2

blood plasma

Answer 2

consists of metabolites, wastes, and hormones

Question 3

Ions in blood plasma

Answer 3

Na, Cl, bicarbonate

Question 4

Proteins in blood plasma

Answer 4

Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen, antibodies

Question 5

Globulins

Answer 5

carry lipids and steroid hormones

Question 6

Leukocytes

how are they different from red blood cells

Answer 6

larger than red blood cells, have nucleus

Question 7

The granular leukocytes are

Answer 7

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 8

Cells for immune defense

Answer 8

Neutrophils

Question 9

Cells for parasite defense

Answer 9

Eosinophils

Question 10

Nongranular leukocytes are

Answer 10

monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 11

precursor to macrophage

Answer 11

Monocyte

Question 12

break off bits of cytoplasm to form platelets and plug a wound; plug reinforced by fibrin

Answer 12

Megakaryocytes

Question 13

Layers of blood vessels from outer to inner

Answer 13

endothelium, elastic fibers, smooth muscle, connective tissue

Question 14

Fish circulation has how many loops

Answer 14

single loop

Question 15

Amphibian circulation has how many chambers in the heart

Answer 15

3-chambered heart

Question 16

What side of circulatory system has more pressure

Answer 16

Left side has more pressure

Question 17

Order of blood flow

Answer 17

Body blood > right atrium > right ventricle > lungs > left atrium > left ventricle > body

Question 18

(pacemaker) starts impulse at atria and sends impulse to AV node

Answer 18

SA node

Question 19

shunts impulse to apex of heart

Answer 19

AV node

Question 20

modified cardiac muscle cells that resemble neurons

provide almost simultaneous contraction of left and right ventricles

Answer 20

Purkinje fibers

Question 21

Functions of shunted impulses

Answer 21

slows process so ventricles pump after atria;

squeezes heart from bottom up

Question 22

Transporting systems for respiration

Answer 22

hemoglobin, red blood cells, blood plasma

Question 23

Fick’s Law of Diffusion

Answer 23

Rate of diffusion is proportional to surface area and partial pressure difference

Rate of diffusion is inversely proportional to travel distance

Question 24

Efficient air exchange mechanics maximize ____________________

Answer 24

maximize partial pressure difference

Question 25

Structure of _____ consists of epithelial tissues coated with capillaries

Answer 25

gills

Question 26

Flow that maximizes oxygenation in gills

Answer 26

Countercurrent flow of blood to water

Question 27

Characteristics of amphibian alveoli

Answer 27

large terminal air sacs surface coated in surfactant that stabilizes surfactant in lungs composed of lipid and protein

Question 28

how air is forced into lungs of amphibians and bony fish (gills)

Answer 28

Positive pressure breathing

Question 29

How amniotes breathe

Answer 29

lungs with alveoli

Question 30

alveoli in birds

Answer 30

Parabronchi

Question 31

negative pressure in chest due to increasing volume of lungs (more efficient than positive pressure) requires lungs connected to chest wall

Answer 31

Thoracic breathing

Question 32

Organ derived from gill arches

Answer 32

trachea

Question 33

Inhalation steps

Answer 33

contract exterinal rib intercostals and diaphragm lift ribs and expands chest cavity

Question 34

Exhalation steps

Answer 34

elastic recoil relaxing muscles snap ribs and chest cavity back in place, forcing air out

Question 35

Number of alveoli humans have

Answer 35

300 alveoli

Question 36

Surface area for gas exchange in humans

Answer 36

80 m2 of surface area, 42x body surface

Question 37

How birds breathe

Answer 37

unidirectional air flow with no residual volume like mammals

Question 38

How partial pressure difference increased in birds

Answer 38

only fresh oxygen diffuses across surfaces

Question 39

Steps in two-cycle pump

Answer 39

Inhalation 1– air flows through trachea into (nondiffusing) posterior air sacs Exhalation 1– air flows into lung Inhalation 2 – air flows from lung to anterior air sacs Exhalation 2 – air flows out the trachea

Question 40

less efficient than countercurrent flow, more efficient than other amniotes flow of air and flood perpendicular

Answer 40

Cross-current flow

Question 41

synthesized by erythrocytes each molecule can bind 4 O2 molecules

Answer 41

Hemoglobin

Question 42

pO2 in lungs

Answer 42

higher so more oxygen will dissolve and combine with hemoglobin

Question 43

pO2 in tissues

Answer 43

lower so hemoglobin will give up oxygen

Question 44

lowers blood pH at tissues weakens hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen

Answer 44

CO2

Question 45

CO2 leads to extra unloading of O2

Answer 45

Bohr Effect

Question 46

CO2 loading at tissues

Answer 46

red blood cells carry CO2 to the lungs in the form of bicarbonate ions Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes formation of carbonic acid, making bicarbonate ions and H+

Question 47

% CO2 dissolved in plasma

Answer 47

8% CO2 dissolved in plasma

Question 48

% CO2 bond to hemoglobin

Answer 48

20% CO2 bound to hemoglobin

Question 49

CO2 location

Answer 49

red blood cell cytoplasm

Question 50

catalyzes formation of carbonic acid

Answer 50

Carbonic anhydrase

Question 51

CO2 unloading at lungs

Answer 51

Lower [CO2] in alveoli than in blood leads to net diffusion of CO2 out of blood Carbonic anhydrase proceeds in reverse

Question 51

Cells for inflammatory response

Answer 51

Basophils