Topic 2 Flashcards
(35 cards)
Outline the functions of the conducting airways
Low resistance pathway for airflow
Defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled
Warming and moistening the air
Nose: Humidifies the air entering and filters particles (thanks to the Vibrissae).
Pharynx: Air then passes through the 3 parts of the pharynx which offers a low resistance path for airflow into the larynx and then finally into the trachea.
Larynx: In addition to its function as the ‘voice box’ it also protects the trachea from invasion of foods and fluids.
Pulmonary ventilation
inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs
Total lung capacity
volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation. The sum of the Vital capacity and residual volume.
Tidal volume
Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath
Expiratory reserve volume
volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcefully
Inspiratory reserve volume
additional inspired air over and above tidal volume
Residual volume
volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
Vital capacity
Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation
Mechanics of ventilation
Air flows because of pressure differences between the atmosphere and gases inside the lungs.
During inhalation the intercostal muscles (between the ribs) and diaphragm contract to expand the chest cavity.
The diaphragm flattens and moves downwards and the intercostal muscles move the rib cage upwards and out. - This increases the space for the lungs.
This increase in size decreases the internal air pressure and so air from the outside (at a now higher pressure than inside the thorax) rushes into the lungs to equalize the pressures.When we exhale the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax and return to their resting positions. This reduces the size of the thoracic cavity, thereby increasing the pressure and forcing air out of the lungs.
Why do ventilation rates increase
breathing rate increases during exercise as the expiratory centre sends impulses to the expiratory muscles (internal intercostals) which speeds up the expiratory process;
increase CO2 causes the acidity of the blood to increase (decrease blood pH)/a change in acidity of the blood is detected by chemoreceptors which send nerve impulses to the respiratory muscles which increase the rate of ventilation (faster/deeper);
Outline the role of haemoglobin in oxygen transport
98.5% of oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin as oxyhemoglobin within the red blood cells
Hemoglobin is the protein that allows oxygen to bind to a red blood cell. Hemoglobin contains a central Iron ion which can hold up to 4 oxygen atoms per heme. These oxygen atoms are then diffused into the tissues once they reach their target. While they are diffusing they are also picking back up CO2 & returning it back to lungs so you can exhale it into the atmosphere.
Explain the process of gaseous exchange at the alveoli
Gas exchange is carried out by a complex of structures at the end of each bronchioles.
The oxygen exchange in the lungs takes place across the membranes of small balloon-like structures called alveoli attached to the branches of the bronchial passages.
These alveoli inflate and deflate with inhalation and exhalation. The elasticrecoil of these helps in the exhalation. Gases move by diffusion from where they have a high concentration to where they have a low concentration:
The alveoli create a pressure gradient.
Once the alveoli fill up with air during inhalation the oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli and into the blood.
The carbon dioxide diffuses from the arriving venous blood and into the air which exits the body during exhalation.
State the composition of blood
Blood is composed of cells (erythrocytes, leucocytes and platelets) and plasma. Blood is the transport vehicle for electrolytes, proteins, gases, nutrients, waste products and hormones.
- Transports nutrients, oxygen, carbon dioxide, waste products and hormones to cells and organs around the body.
- Protects us from bleeding to death, via clotting, and from disease, by destroying invasive micro-organisms and toxic substances.
- Acts as a regulator of temperature, the water content in cells, and body pH.
erythrocytes
Make up 40-45% of the blood volume known as hematocrit. Contain an oxygen-carrying pigment called haemoglobin, which gives blood its red color.
Leucocytes
White blood cells <1% of blood volume, primarily involved in immune fuction and protecting body from infection. They do this by ingesting foreign microbes in a process called phagocytosis.
Platelets
<1% of blood volume. Assist in the provess of repair following an injurt
Autonomic Nervous System
- what does it control
- what does it comprise of
- what controls the two systems
- control of involuntary or visceral bodily functions.
- comprises of the sympathetic system and the parasympathetic system.
- The sympathetic system stimulates the heart to beat faster.
- The parasympathetic system returns the heart to its resting rate.
- The cardiac control centre controls these two systems. -The cardiac control system is located in the medulla oblongata of the brain.
Sympathetic Nervous System
- what does it stimulate
- which receptors are stimulated
- what do the receptors do
Sympathetic system stimulates the heart to beat faster; due to multiple factors. During exercise, 3 receptors are stimulated; proprioceptors, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors. The receptors send impulses (action potentials) to the cardiac control centre (medulla oblongata), which then sends an impulse through the sympathetic nervous system to stimulate the SA node of the heart where the heart rate increases.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
-what happens when exercise stops?
When exercise stops, the receptors pick up decreases in co2 levels, blood pressure and muscle movement; hence impulses are sent to the cardiac control centre (medulla oblongata). An impulse is sent to the parasympathetic nervous system which stimulates the SA node and heart rate decreases.
Hormonal control
- 2 stress hormones
- released from?
- exercise causes an?
- which results in? (SA node, blood pressure, blood glucose)
Adrenaline and noradrenaline are stress hormones
Released by adrenal glands
Exercise causes stress induced adrenaline response which results in:
Stimulation of SA node, which results in increased speed and force of contraction.
Increase in blood pressure due to constriction of blood vessels.
Increase in blood glucose levels (glucose is used by muscles for energy)
Pulmonary circulation
*portion of the cardiovascular system that carries oxygen-depleted blood AWAY from the heart and TO the lungs and then RETURNS it, oxygenated, back to the heart.
Systematic circulation
is the portion of the cardiovascular system that carries the oxygenated blood away from the heart and delivers it to the body. It also carries the deoxygenated blood after use back to the heart to be re-oxygenated.
Describe the relationship between heart rate, cardiac output and stroke volume at rest and during exercise
cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
Stroke volume for different populations
increases according to how you exercise because your body needs more oxygen and nourishment, which are both received from the blood.
increases depending on the type of physical activity your are doing and your training level.
during an upright physical activity like jogging, stroke volume increases from about 50 mL at rest to 120 mL at maximal exercise intensity.
In a trained Olympic runner, stroke volume can increase from 80 mL at rest to 200 mL during maximal exercise intensity as the heart pumps more efficiently.
