TOPIC 4 - GENERAL DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Flashcards
(215 cards)
1
Q
It is made up of parts responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients, and elimination of waste products in the form of stool or feces or manure.
A
Digestive system
2
Q
What are the components of digestive tract/alimentary canal?
A
- Mouth
- Pharynx
- Esophagus
- Glandular stomach
- Small Intestine
- Large Intestine
- Anus
3
Q
What are the components of digestive glands?
A
- Salivary glands
- Liver (gall bladder)
- Pancreas
4
Q
What are the components of accessory digestive structures?
A
- Teeth
- Tongue
- Cheeks
- Lips
- Hard Palate
- Soft Palate
5
Q
Other term for mouth
A
Oral cavity/Buccal cavity
6
Q
Mouth is bounded dorsally by?
A
Hard and soft palate and upper set of teeth
7
Q
Mouth is bounded laterally by?
A
Cheeks
8
Q
Cheeks are lined by what type of epithelium?
A
Simple squamous epithelium
9
Q
Mouth is bounded ventrally by?
A
Floor of mouth, tongue ad lower set of teeth
10
Q
Mouth is bounded rostrally by?
A
Lips
11
Q
Mouth is bounded caudally by?
A
Oropharynx
12
Q
What are the 3 apertures of pharynx?
A
- Oropharynx
- Nasopharynx
- Laryngopharynx
13
Q
Aperture of pharynx that opens into the mouth/oral cavity.
A
Oropharynx
14
Q
Aperture of pharynx that opens into the nasal cavity.
A
Nasopharynx
15
Q
Aperture of pharynx that opens into larynx and esophagus.
A
Laryngopharynx
16
Q
Larynx is posterior while esophagus is anterior. True or False?
A
False, other way around.
17
Q
It is a musculo-membranous tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.
A
Esophagus
18
Q
Three portions/segments of esophagus
A
- Cervical
- Thoracic
- Abdominal
19
Q
Thoracic segment of esophagus becomes abdominal by ?
A
Passing through hiatus esophagi of diaphragm
20
Q
What are the 4 concentric layers of esophagus? (From innermost to outer layer)
A
- Tunica mucosa
- Tunica submucosa
- Tunica muscularis
- Tunica adventitia
21
Q
A hollow muscular bag part of digestive system.
A
Stomach
22
Q
What are the four parts of stomach? (from entrance to exit)
A
1.Cardia
2. Fundus
3. Body
4. Pylorus
23
Q
What are the 2 sphincters of stomach?
A
- Cardiac sphincter
- Pyloric sphincter
24
Q
What are the 4 concentric layers stomach? (from innermost to outer layer)
A
- Tunica mucosa
- Tunica submucosa
- Tunica muscularis
- Tunica serosa
25
Gastric glands are present in what part/s of the stomach?
Fundus and body
26
Type of cells present in gastric glands
1. Chief cells
2. Parietal cells
27
Chief cells of stomach secrete ?
Pepsinogen
28
Active form of pepsinogen
Pepsin
29
Parietal cells of stomach secrete?
Hydrochloric acid
30
Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein. True or False?
True
31
Both pepsin and hydrochloric acid digest protein and carbohydrates. True or False?
False, only HCL.
32
What are the two surfaces of stomach?
1. Parietal surface
2. Visceral surface
33
It is the surface of stomach facing outside the abdomen.
Parietal
34
It is the surface of stomach facing interior of abdomen/viscera.
Visceral
35
What are the two curvatures of stomach?
1. Greater
2. Lesser
36
It is the curvature of stomach that faces the liver.
Lesser curvature
37
It is the curvature of stomach that faces the spleen.
Greater curvature
38
What are the two extremities of stomach?
1. Right
2. Left
39
Cardia of the stomach is situated to what extremity?
Left
40
Pylorus of the stomach is situated to what extremity?
Right
41
Stomach is held in position by?
(Hint: 3 answers)
1. Pressure of surrounding organs
2. Esophagus
3. Five peritoneal folds
42
What are 5 peritoneal folds?
1. Gastro-phrenic
2. Gastro-splenic
3. Gastro-pancreatic
4. Lesser omentum
5. Greater omentum
43
LESSER CURVATURE:LESSER OMENTUM
True or False?
True
44
It is the condition where the stomach performs rotation. This is common in large and deep-chested dogs.
Gastric dilation volvulus
45
It connects the stomach with large intestine.
Small intestine
46
It is the 1st segment of small intestine wherein bile ducts and pancreatic ducts empty their contents.
Duodenum
47
This segment of small intestine is the longest, hence, most absorptive, and most movable.
Jejunum
48
This is the terminal segment of small intestine that has immunologic function.
Ileum
49
It is the lymphoid aggregates present in the ileum of small intestine.
Peyer's patches
50
Lymphoid aggregates are present in all of the segments of small intestine. True or False?
True, just smaller in duodenum and jejunum
51
What segment is not movable in small intestine?
Duodenum
52
The mesenteric part of the small intestine is connected with the dorsal ____ ____ by a double layer of ____ termed the _____ _____.
Abdominal wall, peritoneum, common mesentery
53
The root of the common mesentery is attached to a point close to the origin of the ____ ____ ____ under the ____ and ____ lumbar vertebrae.
Cranial mesenteric artery, 1st and 2nd
54
It is the finger-like projections of the small intestine.
Villi
55
The brush border/striated border of small intestine.
Microvillli
56
What are the 2 features of the interior of the small intestine?
Villi and Peyer's patches
57
A single duct arising from gall bladder.
Cystic duct
58
The union of the these ducts form the hepatic duct.
Lobar ducts
59
These 2 ducts form the common bile duct.
Cystic duct and Hepatic duct
60
What are the 2 ducts of pancreas?
Dorsal and ventral
61
Among the 2 ducts of pancreas, which one is smaller or accessory?
Dorsal
62
Pancreatic and bile ducts open into what segment of small intestine?
Duodenum
63
What are the 3 segments of large intestine?
1. Caecum
2. Colon
3. Rectum
64
This part of the large intestine is the counterpart of appendix in humans.
Caecum
65
It is the site of fermentation in post-gastric fermenter (horse, rabbit).
Caecum
66
What segment of large intestine produces VFA?
Caecum
67
A segment of large intestine that acts as a site for water and electrolyte absorption.
Colon
68
Terminal segment of large intestine
Rectum
69
What are the three parts of colon?
1. Ascending
2. Transverse
3. Descending
70
The large intestine extends from the termination of the ____ to the ____.
Ileum, anus
71
These are the longitudinal bands running along the outside of large intestine.
Taenia
72
Taenia is not stretchable. True or False?
False
73
The sacculations caused by the constriction of the taenia are called ?
Haustra
74
At the junction of rectum and anus, there is a presence of ?
Anal glands
75
This is the surgical procedure pertaining to removal of anal glands.
Anal sacculatory removal
76
These are the anal glands situated on either side of rectum.
Parasinus glands
77
These are the anal glands situated on the further back of the skin.
Circum-anal glands
78
This is the terminal segment of alimentary canal.
Anus
79
What are the muscles present in anus?
Sphincter ani externi et interni
80
The salivary glands is situated on the ?
Sides of the face and adjacent part of the neck
81
The 3 main salivary glands are ?
1. Parotid
2. Submandibular/Mandibular
3. Sublingual
82
It is the largest salivary gland.
Parotid gland
83
Submandibular/mandibular gland is situated at?
Caudal border of the mandible
84
Sublingual is situated at ?
Below the tongue
85
Give the 3 types of secretion of salivary glands.
1. Serous
2. Mucous
3. Mixed
86
What is the 4th salivary gland present in dogs?
Zygomatic/Orbital gland
87
Zygomatic gland is also present in cats. True or False?
True
88
What is the 5th salivary gland present in cats?
Molar gland
89
The parotid gland secretes serous in most domestic animals like dogs and humans. True or False?
False
90
All of the salivary glands present in dogs secretes mixed-type. True or False?
True
91
Parotid duct is opens at?
Opposite of 3rd upper cheek tooth at salivary papilla.
92
Submandibular duct opens at?
Opposite the lower canine teeth at sublingual caruncle
93
About ____ short sublingual ducts open through ? Fill in the blank and give the location.
30, small papillae on sublingual fold
94
The zygomatic or orbital gland is situated in the ?
Interior part of the pterygopalatine fossa
95
___ major and ___ or ____ minor zygomatic ducts in dog opens at?
One, 3, 4
Near the last upper cheek tooth
96
It is the nutritional guardian of the body.
Liver
97
Liver secretes ?
Bile
98
It serves as site for drug biotransformation and detoxification.
Liver
99
What is the functional unit of liver?
Hepatic lobule
100
In cats, aspirin toxicity is due to?
Deficiency in glucoronyl transferase
101
What is the component of chocolate making it toxic to dogs?
Theobromine
102
What is the purpose of bile?
Emulsification of fats
103
The release of bile from gallbladder is mediated by ?
Cholecystokinin
104
What are the 4 lobes of the liver?
1. Left Hepatic
2. Right Hepatic
3. Median/quadrate
4. Caudate lobe
105
Among the 4 lobes of the liver, which has papillary process?
Caudate lobe
106
It is the depression in the liver where gallbladder inserts.
Fossa vesicae feleae
107
It is the largest gland of the body.
Liver
108
Liver is situated ____ against the ____ surface of the ____.
Obliquely, visceral, diaphragm
109
How many deep fissures divides the liver into 3 lobes?
2
110
What are the surfaces of the liver?
1. Parietal surface
2. Visceral surface
111
Parietal surface of the liver is convex or concave?
Convex
112
The parietal surface of the liver faces ?
The outside
113
Visceral surface of the liver is convex or concave?
Concave
114
The visceral surface of the liver faces?
The inside
115
The circumference of liver has what borders?
Dorsal, ventral, and lateral borders
116
The left lobe is simple compared to the right lobe. True or False?
True
117
Among the 4 lobes of the liver, which bears the caudate process?
Right hepatic lobe
118
Among the 4 lobes pf the liver, which is associated with caudate lobe?
Right hepatic lobe
119
This is the depression situated in about the middle of visceral surface of the liver.
Porta
120
What are the following structures that enter the porta?
1. Portal vein
2. Hepatic artery
3. Hepatic plexus of nerves
121
What are the following vessels that leave the porta?
1. Duct
2. Lymphatics
122
What are the 6 ligaments of liver?
1. Coronary
2. Falciform
3. Round
4. Right triangular
5. Left triangularr
6. Caude
123
What are the portions of pancreas?
1. Exocrine
2. Endocrine
124
The exocrine portion of pancreas has what cells?
Pancreatic acinar cells
125
Give the secretions of pancreatic acinar cells and their respective synthesis.
1. Pancreatic amylase - carbohydrates
2. Pancreatic lipase - lipids/fats
3. Trypsinogen - protein
4. Chymotrypsinogen - protein
126
The endocrine portion of pancreas/Islet of Langerhans has what cells?
1. Alpha cells
2. Beta cells
3. Delta cells
4. F-cells
127
128
Alpha cells of pancreas secrete what enzyme?
Glucagon
129
Glucagon increases blood sugar level. True or False?
True
130
Beta cells of pancreas secrete what enzyme?
Insulin
131
Insulin lowers the blood sugar level. True or False?
True
132
Delta cells secrete what enzyme?
Somastostatin
133
F-cells secrete what ?
P. polypeptides
134
What are the 2 surfaces of pancreas?
1. Dorsal
2. Ventral
135
What are the 3 borders of pancreas?
1. Right
2. Left
3. Posterior
136
What are the 3 angles of pancreas?
1. Duodenal
2. Splenic
3. Right
137
When stained, pancreatic acinar cells are lightly-colored. True or False?
False, they are dark when stained.
138
Spleen is a digestive organ. True or False?
False
139
Specifically, to what system does the spleen belongs to? (Hint: Sub-system of immune system)
Reticuloendothelial system
140
It is the graveyard organ of the body.
Spleen
141
Spleen is encapsulated organ. True or False?
True
142
Spleen is situated to the ___ of the ___ plane in close relation to the ___ part of the ___ curvature of the stomach or rumen.
left, median, left, greater
143
What are the 2 surfaces of the spleen?
1. Parietal surface
2. Visceral surface
144
The spleen is attached by what structures. (Hint: 2 answers)
1. Hilus
2. Gastro-splenic omentum
145
Gastro-splenic omentum arises from ?
Hilus to left part of greater curvature of stomach
146
In the case of horse, the gastro-splenic omentum arises from?
Suspensory ligament from base to left crus of the diaphragm and left kidney
147
It is a mechanical accessory structure responsible for chopping, grinding, and chewing the food.
Teeth
148
What are the 4 types of teeth?
1. Incisors
2. Canine
3. Premolar
4. Molar
149
What are the 3 surfaces of teeth?
1. Occlusal
2. Labial
3. Lingual
150
Occlusal surface of teeth is situated between ?
Upper and lower set of teeth
151
Labial surface of teeth faces the ?
Lips
152
Lingual surface of the teeth faces the?
Tongue surface
153
What are the 4 layers of teeth?
1. Cementum
2. Enamel
3. Dentine
4. Pulp cavity
154
It is the hardest tissue in the body.
Enamel
155
It is the 2nd hardest tissue in the body.
Bone
156
It is the 3rd hardest tissue in the body.
Cementum
157
What are the 3 regions of teeth?
1. Crown
2. Neck
3. Root
158
A type of teeth that is called nipper.
Incisors
159
Incisors teeth are implanted in?
In the incisive bone and the body of the mandible
160
This is also known as holding teeth.
Canine
161
Canine teeth are implanted at ?
Behind the incisors in the interalveolar spaces.
162
These are also known as grinding teeth.
Premolars and molars.
163
Together, premolars and molars form the ?
Side of the dental arch
164
Premolars are posterior while molars are anterior. True or False?
False
165
What is the collective term for both premolars and molars?
Cheek teeth
166
In horses, the first premolar when present is called ?
Wolf tooth
167
This is the portion of the tooth that is covered with enamel.
Crown
168
It is part of the tooth which projects above the level of the gum.
Crown
169
Portion of the tooth which is covered with cement and is embedded in the gum.
Root
170
The root portion of the tooth is attached to?
Mandible and maxilla
171
This is the line of junction between crown and root.
Neck
172
Among the domestic animals, which has a tooth that shows very distinct neck ?
Dog
173
This is the innermost portion of tooth that is filled with a soft gelatinous mass of connective tissue.
Pulp cavity
174
The blood supply of the pulp of tooth is derived from ?
Infraorbital and mandibular alveolar branches of the internal maxillary
175
The nerve supply of the pulp of tooth is derived from ?
Branches of 5th cranial nerve/trigeminal
176
Tongue is situated on?
On the floor of the mouth cavity between the rami of the mandibles
177
Tongue is formed by this muscle which is also one of the strongest skeletal muscle.
Mylohyoid muscles
178
What are the 3 parts of tongue?
1. Root
2. Body
3. Apex
179
The dorsum of the tongue refers to ?
Free dorsal surface
180
The mucous membrane of the dorsum of tongue is viliated. True or False?
False, papillated.
181
What are the 4 main types of papillae ?
1. Filiform
2. Fungiform
3. Foliate
4. Vallate
182
Among the 4 main types of tongue papillae, which is bristle-like?
Filiform
183
Among the 4 main types of tongue papillae, which is mushroom-shaped?
Fungiform
184
Among the 4 main types of papillae, which is leaf-shaped?
Foliate
185
Among the 4 main types of papillae, which is v-shaped?
Vallate
186
Vallate papillae of the tongue is usually located at ?
Caudal aspect
187
Among the 4 main types of papillae, which has no gustation?
Filiform
188
Gustatory cells inside the taste buds are what type of special cells?
Specialized chemoreceptive cells
189
What are the five taste buds?
1. Sweet
2. Salty
3. Sour
4. Bitter
5. Umami
190
Umami taste is due to what mineral/chemical component?
Monosodium glutamate
191
The blood supply of the tongue is achieved by ?
Paired lingual and sublingual arteries
192
The paired lingual and sublingual arteries are branches of the ?
External maxillary artery
193
The motor nerve supply of the tongue is from what cranial nerve ?
Hypoglossal, 12th
194
The sensory nerve supply of tongue are ?
Lingual nerve and glossopharyngeal nerve
195
What percentage does the lingual nerve of the tongue supply for sensation?
2/3 or 66% (anterior)
196
What percentage does the glossopharyngeal nerve of the supply for sensation?
1/3 or 33% (posterior)
197
It is a musculo-membranous curtain which separates the mouth cavity from the pharynx.
Soft palate
198
What are the parts of soft palate?
1. Base
2. Free border
3. 2 surfaces
199
What are 2 surfaces of soft palate?
1. Oral
2. Aboral
200
The aboral surface of soft palate is at esophagus region. True or False?
False, pharynx region.
201
These pillars of soft palate are two short, thick folds which run from the free border of the oral surface to either side of the tongue.
Anterior pillars
202
These pillars of soft palate run from the free border of aboral surface to meet over the commencement of esophagus.
Posterior pillars
203
Between the diverging anterior and posterior pillar is the ?
Tonsillar sinus
204
Tonsils are lymphoid aggregates. True or False?
True
205
What are the 3 intrinsic muscles of soft palate?
1. Levator veli palatini
2. Tensor veli palatine
3. Palatinus
206
What is the extrinsic muscle of soft palate?
1. Palate-pharyngeus
207
Hard palate is marked by presence of ?
Palatine ridges
208
It pertains to the mucous membrane of the roof of the mouth.
Hard palate
209
The hard palate is bounded in front and on either side by the ?
Alveolar arches
210
Hard palate is anterior, soft palate is posterior. True or False?
True
211
The bony basis of the hard palate is formed by the palatine processes of?
1. Premaxillae/incisor
2. Maxillae
3. Horizontal part of the palatine bones
212
What are the 2 borders of the spleen?
1. Anterior
2. Posterior
213
What are the two extremities of the spleen?
1. Dorsal (base)
2. Ventral (apex)
214
What are the two extremities of the spleen?
1. Dorsal (base)
2. Ventral (apex)
215
Which is the pointed portion? Dorsal or ventral extremity of the spleen?
Ventral
