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Cat & Dog > Toxicology (1-2) > Flashcards

Toxicology (1-2) Flashcards

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1
Q

name the 3 stages of decontamination

A
  1. decrease toxin absorption
  2. enhance toxin elimination
  3. general supportive care
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2
Q

name 4 locations where toxins are absorbed

A
  1. intestine
  2. eyes
  3. stomach
  4. skin
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3
Q

how to prevent absorption of toxins in the intestines?

A

charcoal

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4
Q

how to prevent absorption of toxins in the stomach?

A

emesis; lavage

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5
Q

how to prevent absorption of toxins in the eyes?

A

flush

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6
Q

how to prevent absorption of toxins in the skin?

A

wash

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7
Q

name the emetic

stimulates dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ);
non-selective dopamine receptor agonist;
0.02-0.04 mg/kg IV;
adverse effects: sedation, protracted vomiting

A

apomorphine

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8
Q

name the emetic

local gastric irritant;
1-2 mL/kg;
adverse effects: protracted vomiting, severe oesophagitis; gastric ulceration;
USA;
not recommended

A

3% hydrogen peroxide

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9
Q

name the emetic

stimulates dopamine receptors in chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ);
selective for dopamine D2-type receptors;
30 mg/mL ophthalmic solution;
adverse effects: mild ocular irritation, ocular discharge, protrusion of 3rd eyelid and blepharospasm

A

ropinirole

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10
Q

what receptors are rich in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the dog

A

dopamine receptors

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11
Q

what receptors are rich in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) of the cat

A

alpha2 receptors

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12
Q

what is the route of admin for emetics in cats

A

IM

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13
Q

name 2 emetics for cats

A
  1. Dexmedetomidine
  2. Xylazine
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14
Q

name 7 contraindications for emesis

A
  1. inability to protect airway
  2. neurological signs
  3. sedation
  4. respiratory distress
  5. bradycardia
  6. already vomiting
  7. with corrosive/caustic toxicants
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15
Q

this is the administration and evacuation of fluid through an orogastric tube;
best within 1-2h of toxin ingestion

A

gastric lavage

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16
Q

name 5 indications for gastric lavage following toxin ingestion

A
  1. failure of emesis
  2. altered level of consciousness
  3. admin. of charcoal
  4. toxicants remaining in stomach
  5. narrow safety margin
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17
Q

where should you premeasure an orograstric tube to for gastric lavage

A

to last rib

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18
Q

what is the dose for activated charcoal following toxin ingestion

A

1-3 g/kg PO

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19
Q

name 3 advere effects of activated charcoal

A
  1. vomiting
  2. dehydration
  3. hypernatraemia
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20
Q

name 6 substances that are NOT adsorbed by activated charcoal

A
  1. heavy metals
  2. xylitol
  3. alcohols
  4. petroleum distillates
  5. nitrates
  6. acids/alkalis
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21
Q

how often can activated charcoal be repeated?

A

every 4-8h

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22
Q

name the drug type

decrease gastrointestinal tract transit time (decr. time for toxin absorption);
ex: sorbitol, sodium sulfate, magnesium citrate, etc;
side effects: v+, dehydration, hypernatraemia, abd. pain, hypotension;
only dose ONCE

23
Q

what is the dose for intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) to treat toxin ingestion?

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A

bolus 1.5 mL/kg over 1 min;
CRI 0.25 mL/kg/min for 30-60 min

24
Q

what is the maximum intravenous lipid emulsion (ILE) you an give in a day

25
name 3 clinical effects of chocolate in dogs/cats
1. vomiting 2. tachycardia & cardiac arrhythmias 3. hyperexcitability, seizures
26
what is a long term risk of chocolate in dogs/cats
pancreatitis
27
what component of chocolate makes it toxic to dogs/cats
theobromine
28
what clinical effect do lilies have on cats?
acute kidney injury & failure
29
what clinical effect do grapes have on dogs/cats
acute kidney injury → failure (48-72h)
30
what clinical effect will >0.1 g/kg of xylitol cause in a dog/cat
hypoglycaemia
31
what clinical effect will >1 g/kg of xylitol cause in a dog/cat
hepatotoxicity
32
what clinical effect will onion/garlic/leek/chive toxicity cause in dogs/cats?
haemolysis
33
name 3 clinical effects of NSAIDs toxicity in dogs/cats?
1. GI ulceration 2. kidney injury 3. neurological signs
34
what is the toxic dose of ehylene glycol in dogs
6.6 mL/kg dogs
35
what is the toxic dose of ethylene glycol in cats?
1.5 mL/kg
36
name the 3 phases of ethylene glycol toxicity
1. gastrointestinal & neurological 2. apparent resolution (dogs; cats remain depressed) 3. renal failure
37
when do ethylene glycol levels peak?
1-6 h after ingestion
38
how long after ethylene glycol ingestion will levels no longer be detectable?
48-72 h
39
name 2 antidotes for ethylene glycol toxicity
1. ethanol 2. Fomepizole (4MP)
40
# name the ethylene glycol toxicity treatment option performed prior to onset of AKI; can remove majority of EG; limited availability; cost
haemodialysis
41
what is the toxic dose of paracetamol in dogs?
75-100 mg/kg
42
what is the toxic dose of paracetamol in cats?
10 mg/kg
43
what is the main pathway of paracetamol metabolism in cats
sulfation
44
what is the main pathway of paracetamol metabolism in dogs
glucuronidation
45
what is teh toxic component of paracetamol that is made through metabolism with cytochrom P450
NAPQI
46
what binds with NAPQI to form a non-toxic metabolite
glutathione
47
name 2 consequences of NAPQI (toxic paracetamol metabolite)
1. oxidative injury 2. necrosis & hepatotoxicity
48
what is the antidote for paracetamol toxicity?
N-acetylcysteine
49
what is the clinical effect of anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity?
depletion of vit K dependent clotting factors → bleeding into body cavities
50
name the 4 vitamin K dependent clotting factors
1. II 2. VII 3. IX 4. X
51
what is the treatment for acute ingestion & no previous exposure of anticoagulant rodenticides
GI decontamination (emesis & activated charcoal)
52
# name the enzyme constitutive enzyme, responsible for prostaglandin production for many normal physiological functions (e.g. kidney and gastric blood flow)
COX-1
53
# name the enzyme inducible enzyme, synthesized in response to inflammation; NSAIDs loose selectivitiy at high doses
COX-2
54
name 7 clinical effects of permethrin intoxication in cats
1. ptyalism 2. tremors 3. hyperexcitability 4. depression 5. vomiting, diarrhea 6. seizures 7. coma

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