TPO1 Flashcards
(248 cards)
1
Q
Groundwater
A
water that is below the ground
2
Q
saturate
A
to put a lot of something into a particular place, especially so that you could not add any more
saturate something with something
3
Q
By far
A
تا کنون
4
Q
abundant
A
existing or available in large quantities; plentiful.
there was abundant evidence to support the theory
5
Q
precipitation
A
rain, snow, sleet, or hail that falls to the ground.
these convective processes produce cloud and precipitation
بارش
ته نشینی
6
Q
meteoric water
A
Meteoric water is the water derived from precipitation (snow and rain).
7
Q
meteor
A
a small body of matter from outer space that enters the earth’s atmosphere, becoming incandescent as a result of friction and appearing as a streak of light.
پدیده هوایی
8
Q
ordinary
A
with no special or distinctive features; normal.
he sets out to depict ordinary people
9
Q
soak
A
make or allow (something) to become thoroughly wet by immersing it in liquid.
soak the beans overnight in water
خیس خوردن
10
Q
emerging
A
becoming apparent or prominent.
established and emerging artists
11
Q
emerge
A
move out of or away from something and come into view.
black ravens emerged from the fog
12
Q
At first thought
A
…
13
Q
particle
A
a minute portion of matter.
tiny particles of dust
14
Q
sand
A
شن
15
Q
grain
A
دانه، غله
16
Q
pebbles
A
سنگریزه
17
Q
loose
A
not firmly or tightly fixed in place; detached or able to be detached.
a loose tooth
18
Q
unconsolidated
A
make (something) physically stronger or more solid.
the first phase of the project is to consolidate the outside walls
19
Q
Gravel
A
سنگ ریزه (و فک کنم کوچیکتر از
pebble)
20
Q
bed
A
بستر
21
Q
beneath
A
at a lower level or layer than.
beneath this floor there’s a cellar
22
Q
soil
A
خاک
23
Q
circulate
A
move or cause to move continuously or freely through a closed system or area.
24
Q
rough
A
having an uneven or irregular surface; not smooth or level.
they had to carry the victim across the rough, stony ground
25
coarse
having a rough surface that feels slightly hard
26
sediment
matter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs.
| the ice freezes the wine and sediment at the base of the cork
27
flow
جریان
28
sheet
a large rectangular piece of cotton or other fabric, used on a bed to cover the mattress and as a layer beneath blankets when these are used.
29
steadily
in a regular and even manner.
| the business has been growing steadily
30
melt
ذوب شدن
31
laden
heavily loaded or weighed down.
| a tree laden with apples
32
glacial
relating to ice and glaciers, or formed by glaciers
33
outwash
material carried away from a glacier by meltwater and deposited beyond the moraine.
34
deposit
1
put or set down (something or someone) in a specific place, typically unceremoniously.
he deposited a pile of schoolbooks on the kitchen table
گذاشت
سپرده
35
though
به هر حال
36
fanwise
in the manner or position of the slats of an open fan
37
spread
```
open out (something) so as to extend its surface area, width, or length.
I spread a towel on the sand and sat down
```
38
slope
a surface of which one end or side is at a higher level than another; a rising or falling surface.
39
drop
let or make (something) fall vertically.
40
lake
دریاچه
41
inland
situated in the interior of a country rather than on the coast.
the deserts of inland Australia
42
thick
with opposite sides or surfaces that are a great or relatively great distance apart.
43
lowland
low-lying country.
44
plain
a large area of flat land with few trees.
| the coastal plain
45
spot
a particular place or point.
| a nice secluded spot
46
overlie
lie on top of.
soft clays overlie the basalt
روی چیزی قرار گرفتن یا خوابیدن
47
buried
placed or hidden underground.
| buried treasure
48
former
سابق
49
sandbar
a long, narrow sandbank, especially at the mouth of a river.
50
cement
سیمان
51
cemented
]گویا[
| محکم شده
52
minute
[as verb]
| extremely small.
53
among
در میان
54
plug
an obstruction blocking a hole, pipe, etc.
| somewhere in the pipes there is a plug of ice blocking the flow
55
dissolve
(with reference to a solid) become or cause to become incorporated into a liquid so as to form a solution.
glucose dissolves easily in water
56
percolate
(of a liquid or gas) filter gradually through a porous surface or substance.
the water percolating through the soil may leach out minerals
صاف کردن
57
form
فرم
58
porous
(of a rock or other material) having minute spaces or holes through which liquid or air may pass.
59
Thus
as a result of something that you have just mentioned
60
proportion
a part, share, or number considered in comparative relation to a whole.
the proportion of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere is rising
61
lava
hot molten or semifluid rock erupted from a volcano or fissure, or solid rock resulting from cooling of this.
62
porosity
The proportion of empty space in a rock is known as its porosity
63
permeability
نفوذ پذیری
64
ease
absence of difficulty or effort.
| she gave up smoking with ease
65
cavity
a hole or space inside something
66
crevice
a narrow opening or fissure, especially in a rock or wall.
many creatures hide in crevices in the rock
شکاف
67
drain
۱- (به تدریج آب چیزی را) خالیکردن، زیرآب زدن، کشیدن (آب
| چیزی)، تهی ساختن، زهکشی کردن
68
suitable
مناسب
69
cling
hold on tightly to.
| she clung to Joe's arm
70
tension
کشش
71
drop
1
a small round or pear-shaped portion of liquid that hangs or falls or adheres to a surface.
the first drops of rain splashed on the ground
72
film
a very thin layer of liquid, powder etc on the surface of something
73
overcome
غلبه بر
74
firmly
with little possibility of movement; securely.
| the door remained firmly shut
75
inferred
deduce or conclude (information) from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements.
76
absorb
جذب
77
valley
دره
78
surround
احاطه
79
drag
pull (someone or something) along forcefully, roughly, or with difficulty.
we dragged the boat up the beach
80
emphasize
اهمیت دادن
81
essential
extremely important and necessary
82
indicate
نشان دادن
83
origin
اصل و نسب
84
seek
to try to achieve or get something
85
rely
اتکا کردن
86
primarily
mainly
| در درجه اول
87
speculation
حدس و گمان
88
draw
pull or drag (something such as a vehicle) so as to make it follow behind.
a cart drawn by two horses
89
champion
support the cause of; defend.
| priests who championed human rights
90
anthropologists
the scientific study of people, their societies, cultures etc
91
envision
imagine as a future possibility; visualize.
she envisioned the admiring glances of guests seeing her home
تجسم
92
myth
an idea or story that many people believe, but which is not true
93
ritual
a ceremony that is always performed in the same way, in order to mark an important religious or social occasion
94
perceive
درک
95
stage
a point, period, or step in a process or development.
| there is no need at this stage to give explicit details
96
become
begin to be.
97
aware
if you are aware that a situation exists, you realize or know that it exists
98
influence
the capacity to have an effect on the character, development, or behavior of someone or something, or the effect itself.
99
supply
an amount of something that is available to be used
100
attribute
1)
regard something as being caused by (someone or something).
he attributed the firm's success to the efforts of the managing director
2)
a quality or feature regarded as a characteristic or inherent part of someone or something.
flexibility and mobility are the key attributes of our army
101
desirable
wanted or wished for as being an attractive, useful, or necessary course of action.
102
occurence
an incident or event.
103
means
a way of doing or achieving something
104
favor
approval, support, or liking for someone or something.
| the legislation is viewed with favor
105
apparent
easy to notice
106
certain
مسلم - قطعی
معلوم
some but not all.
107
refine
remove impurities or unwanted elements from (a substance), typically as part of an industrial process.
sugar was refined by boiling it in huge iron vats
پالودن
108
formalize
give (something) legal or formal status.
109
representive
typical of a class, group, or body of opinion.
these courses are representative of those taken by most Harvard undergraduates
نماینده
110
rite
a religious or other solemn ceremony or act.
the rite of communion
آیین، مراسم
111
celebrate
جشن گرفتن
112
accompany
go somewhere with (someone) as a companion or escort.
| the two sisters were to accompany us to New York
113
companion
همراه و همدم
114
sophisticated
پیچیده
having, revealing, or proceeding from a great deal of worldly experience and knowledge of fashion and culture.
115
conception
دریافت، آبستنی
116
casual
relating to or acting as a cause.
117
abandon
رها کردن
118
modify
to make small changes to something in order to improve it and make it more suitable or effective
119
oral
spoken, not written
120
tradition
سنت
121
act
take action; do something.
| they urged Washington to act
122
autonomous
an autonomous place or organization is free to govern or control itself
123
thereafter
بعد از آن
124
aesthetic
زیبایی شناسی
125
mystical
1
| relating to mystics or religious mysticism.
126
efficacious
working in the way you intended
127
Storytelling
قصه گویی
128
propose
پیشنهاد دادن
129
relate
مربوط بودن
گزارش دادن
شرح دادن
130
pleasure
a feeling of happy satisfaction and enjoyment.
| she smiled with pleasure at being praised
131
feat
an achievement that requires great courage, skill, or strength.
the new printing presses were considerable feats of engineering
شاهکار
132
elaborate
carefully planned and organized in great detail
| با دقت شرح دادن
133
narrator
the person who tells the story in a book or a play
134
impersonate
o pretend to be someone else by copying their appearance, voice, and behaviour, especially in order to deceive people
135
eventually
در نهایت
136
assume
فرض کردن، به عهده گرفتن
137
evolve
to develop and change gradually over a long period of time
138
imitate
1
take or follow as a model.
his style was imitated by many other writers
تقلید کردن
139
admiration
تحسین
140
virtuosity
great skill in music or another artistic pursuit.
| a performance of considerable virtuosity
141
grace
Noun
1
simple elegance or refinement of movement.
she moved through the water with effortless grace
2
courteous goodwill.
at least he has the grace to admit his debt to her
Verb
1
do honor or credit to (someone or something) by one's presence.
she bowed out from the sport she has graced for two decades
142
motivation
the reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way.
escape can be a strong motivation for travel
انگیزه
143
performance
کارایی
| اجرا
144
antecedent
someone or something existing or happening before, especially as the cause or origin of something existing or happening later:
۱- (از نظر ترتیب یا زمان یا منطق) مقدم، پیشتر، اسبق، پیشآیند،
سابق، قبلی
this ancient instrument is thought to be the antecedent of the piano
چنین فرض میشود که این ساز باستانی تطور یافته و تبدیل به پیانو
شده است.
145
scholar
a person who studies a subject in great detail, especially at a university:
146
theorize
to develop a set of ideas about something
147
develop
۱- رشد یافتن یا دادن، توسعه یافتن یا دادن، گسترش دادن یا یافتن،
بالیدن، گستراندن، گوالیدن
148
valued
useful and important:
149
cease
to stop something
150
fulfill
to do something that is expected, hoped for, or promised, or to cause it to happen:
- انجام دادن ، به انجام رساندن، (به قول و غیره) عمل کردن، وفا
کردن، به پایان رساندن
I will fulfill my promise
قول خود را انجام خواهم داد.
151
function
the natural purpose (of something) or the duty (of a person):
152
fall back on
to use or do something else after other things have failed
153
forth
(from a place) out or away, or (from a point in time) forward
154
imitative
copying or following a model or example.
| تقلیدی
155
gift
a present or something that is given:
156
encounter
a meeting, especially one that happens by chance:
رویارویی
157
fiction
- (هر چیزی که ساختهی تخیل و اندیشه است) چیز ساختگی، تخیلی،
غیر واقع، پندار، پندار گونه، پندارش، وانمود، وهم، چیز مجهول،
خیالپردازی
158
anxiety
an uncomfortable feeling of nervousness or worry about something that is happening or might happen in the future:
۱- نگرانی، دلواپسی، اضطراب، تشویش
159
confront
to face, meet, or deal with a difficult situation or person:
160
instinct
غریزه
161
penchant
a liking for, an enjoyment of, or a habit of doing something, especially something that other people might not like:
```
تمایل شدید، میل وافر، رغبت، علاقه، گرایش
a penchant for art
گرایش نسبت به هنر
a penchant for criticism that often offended
تمایل به انتقاد که غالبا موجب رنجش میشد
```
162
detached
۱- جدا (شده)، غیرمتصل، باز (شده)، باز از هم، مجزا
163
vision
an idea or mental image of something:
164
deviation
انحراف
165
ridiculous
stupid or unreasonable and deserving to be laughed at:
۱- مسخره، خندهدار، مضحک ۲- مسخره آمیز، استهزا آمیز ۳-
چرند، مزخرف، بسیار بد
166
threat
تهدید
167
welfare
the health, happiness, and fortunes of a person or group.
they don't give a damn about the welfare of their families
۱- رفاه، بهروزی، بهزیستی، آسایش
168
retain
to keep or continue to have something:
169
debate
serious discussion of a subject in which many people take part:
170
ascribe
to believe or claim that something was said, written, or created by a particular person:
ابسته دانستن، نسبت دادن، اسناد کردن
it is wrong to ascribe all our problems to the war
171
contrast
an obvious difference between two or more things:
172
hypothetical
1
of, based on, or serving as a hypothesis.
that option is merely hypothetical at this juncture
173
factual
۱- وابسته به یا دارای واقعیات، راستین بنیاد، راستینی، راستین،
واقعی، حقیقی
the factual aspects of this case
جنبههای واقعی این قضیه
174
upon
```
- روی، بر، بر روی، برفراز
I jumped upon the horse
پریدم روی اسب.
a house built upon a hill
خانهای که برفراز تپهای ساخته شده است
intense sadness fell upon me again
حزن شدید دوباره بر من مستولی شد.
۲- نزدیک، مجاور
summer holidays are upon us
تعطیلات تابستان نزدیک است.
the enemy is upon us
دشمن به ما نزدیک است.
۳- به
upon my honor!
به شرفم قسم!
suddenly we came upon a corpse
ناگهان به یک نعش برخوردیم.
to hit upon a solution
به راه حل رسیدن
۴- در
upon the first opportunity
در اولین فرصت
the enchantment of the scenery is still upon me
اثر سحرآمیز آن منظره هنوز در من وجود دارد.
۵- پس از، متعاقب، پیرو، بعداز
invitations will be sent only upon written request
دعوتنامهها فقط پس از دریافت درخواست کتبی ارسال خواهد شد.
upon Bijhan's death, she married Jallal
پس از مرگ بیژن او با جلال ازدواج کرد.
upon the receipt of this letter ...
پیرو دریافت این نامه ...
۶- دربارهی، مربوط به ۷- به سوی ۸- طبق، بنابر
```
175
prosperity
- رونق، شکوفایی، سامان، بهروزی
good management caused the restaurants prosperity
مدیریت خوب موجب رونق رستوران شد.
176
phenomenon
پدیده
something that exists and can be seen, felt, tasted, etc., especially something unusual or interesting:
177
compromise
an agreement in an argument in which the people involved reduce their demands or change their opinion in order to agree:
۱- مصالحه، سازش، مدارا، میانگیری، توافق، کدخدامنشی، حد وسط،
بینابین
178
timberline
(در مناطق سرد و کوهستانی) خط مفروضی که بالای آن هیچ درختی رشد نمیکند
179
vegetation
plants in general
180
transition
transition from something to something
181
tundra
the large flat areas of land in the north of Russia, Canada etc, where it is very cold and there are no trees
182
dramatic
great and sudden
183
within
```
- در، درون، داخل، تو
India is a continent within a continent
هندوستان اقلیمی است در اقلیم دیگر.
within the doors
توی اتاق (یا ساختمان)
it is cold within and without
درون و بیرونش سرد است.
۲- در درون، در داخل، درونا
there are spies within the organization
در درون سازمان جاسوس وجود دارد.
she was outwardly calm but raging within
او ظاهرا آرام بود ولی خشم در درونش زبانه میکشید.
his heart sank within him
قلبش فرو ریخت.
the water is stored within the soil
آب در درون خاک ذخیره میشود.
within the country
در داخل کشور
it's raining outside; come within
در خارج دارد باران میآید بیا داخل (ساختمان).
۳- (در) جوف، (به) ضمیمه، (در) ذیل، (در) اینجا، (در) زیر
the persons within named
اشخاصی که نام آنها در زیر آمده است.
the within complaint
شکایت نامهی جوف
۴- (در) کمتر از، در ظرف (در)حدود، تا، در محدودهی
within the law
در محدودهی قانون
Abbas died within a year of his wife's death
عباس کمتر از یک سال پس از مرگ زنش فوت کرد.
to live within one's income
به اندازهی درآمد خود خرج کردن
he came within two meters of the snake
او تا دو متری مار جلو آمد.
۵- در معرض، در تیررس، در...
within reach
در دسترس
within hearing
در فاصلهی قابل شنیدن
```
184
vertical
عمودی
185
life form
a living thing such as a plant or animal
186
shrub
بوته
187
herb
۱- (هر گیاهی که فقط یک سال دوام دارد) گیاه یکساله ۲- گیاه
دارویی، گیاه ادویهای، گیاه چاشنی، گیاه معطر، داروگیا، گیا
she still believes in medicinal herbs
او هنوز هم به داروهای گیاهی اعتقاد دارد.
this food has been cooked with different herbs and spices
این خوراک را با گیاهان و ادویهی گوناگون پختهاند.
herb tea
چای گیاهی (جوشانده)
۳- علف، رویش گیاهی، واس، واش، سبزه، چرامین
under my foot the herbs were dry
در زیر پایم علفها خشک بودند.
188
rapid
- تند، سریع، تندرو، تیزگام، تیز تاز
189
pass
to come up to a particular place, person, or object and go past them
190
steppe
a large area of land without trees, especially in Russia, Asia, and eastern Europe
191
edge
کنار، لبه، نبش، کناره
192
moisture
رطوبت، نم
193
snowline
(در کوهها - خطی که در بالای آن همیشه برف وجود دارد) برف مرز
194
tropic
the parallel of latitude 23°26ʹ north (tropic of Cancer) or south (tropic of Capricorn) of the equator.
195
subtropics
The subtropical zones or subtropics are geographic and climate zones located to the north and south of the tropical zone.
196
moist
۱- نم کشیده، نمدار، مرطوب، (کمی) تر، (کمی) خیس
197
evergreens
همیشه سبز
198
deciduous trees
درختان برگریز
199
extreme
furthest from the center or a given point; outermost.
| the extreme northwest of Scotland
200
broadleaf
پهن برگ
201
Species
گونه ها
202
birch
توس(درخت)
203
twist
form into a bent, curling, or distorted shape.
a strip of metal is twisted to form a hollow tube
پیچ - پیچیدن
204
particularly
به ویژه
205
attain
succeed in achieving (something that one desires and has worked for).
clarify your objectives and ways of attaining them
206
ridge
A ridge or a mountain ridge is a geographical feature consisting of a chain of mountains or hills that form a continuous elevated crest for some distance
207
whereas
in contrast or comparison with the fact that.
you treat the matter lightly, whereas I myself was never more serious
در حالیکه
208
expose
در معرض گذاشتن
make (something) visible by uncovering it.
at low tide the sands are exposed
reveal the true, objectionable nature of (someone or something).
he has been exposed as a liar and a traitor
209
favorable
expressing approval.
| the book received highly favorable reviews
210
prone
likely to or liable to suffer from, do, or experience something, typically something regrettable or unwelcome.
years of logging had left the mountains prone to mudslides
211
frost
a deposit of small white ice crystals formed on the ground or other surfaces when the temperature falls below freezing.
the lanes were glistening with frost
212
cessation
توقف
1
the fact or process of ending or being brought to an end.
the cessation of hostilities
213
smother
kill (someone) by covering their nose and mouth so that they suffocate.
خفه کردن
214
avalanche
بهمن
215
snow creep
Snow Creep is a continuous, extremely slow, downhill movement of a layer of snow. Snow Creep is a continuous, extremely slow, downhill movement of a layer of snow.
216
creep
خزیدن
move slowly and carefully in order to avoid being heard or noticed.
he crept downstairs, hardly making any noise
217
late lying snow
Late-lying snow is snow that persists and remains even after winter has ended and, in some areas, it persists into the summer depending on factors such as altitude; for example, in high mountainous regions
218
presist
continue firmly or obstinately in an opinion or a course of action in spite of difficulty, opposition, or failure.
the minority of drivers who persist in drinking
219
velocity
سرعت
220
increase
افزایش یافتن
221
presence
حضور
1
the state or fact of existing, occurring, or being present in a place or thing.
the presence of chlorine in the atmosphere
222
ultraviolet
ماورابنفش
223
elevation
ارتفاغ
224
browse
survey goods for sale in a leisurely and casual way.
he stopped to browse around a sporting goods store
Synonyms:
look around have a look window-shop peruse
2
(of an animal) feed on leaves, twigs, or other high-growing vegetation.
they reach upward to browse on bushes
225
graze
چراندن
226
ibex
بزکوهی
227
shoot
شاخه
228
bud
جوانه
229
mature
بالغ
230
Above
بالا
231
adjacent
مجاور
232
fairly
with justice.
he could not fairly be accused of wasting police time
to quite a high degree.
I was fairly certain she had nothing to do with the affair
233
diversity
تنوع
234
bare
لخت
235
occasional
گاه به گاه
236
moss
خزه
237
lichen
گلسنگ
238
prostrate
lying stretched out on the ground with one's face downward.
BOTANY
growing along the ground.
"mats of prostrate herbs can be used to break up expanses of soil"
239
cushion
کوسن
240
habitat
زیستگاه
241
snowdrift
a bank of deep snow heaped up by the wind.
242
striking
قابل توجه، برجسته، موثر
243
characteristic
ویژگی
244
rigor
MEDICINE
a sudden feeling of cold with shivering accompanied by a rise in temperature, often with copious sweating, especially at the onset or height of a fever.
2
the quality of being extremely thorough, exhaustive, or accurate.
his analysis is lacking in rigor
245
crucial
حیاتی
246
insulate
عایق بندی کردن
247
equatorial
استوایی
248
prevalent
widespread in a particular area or at a particular time.
| the social ills prevalent in society today
