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phase 2a pain > triads and symp combos/mnemonics > Flashcards

triads and symp combos/mnemonics Flashcards

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1
Q

virchows triad

A

stasis of flow, wall damage, hypercoagulable state

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2
Q

cushings reflex

A

erratic breathing, bradycardia, hypertension

farty hearty

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3
Q

ECG showing hyperkalaemia

A

tall tented t waves, wide qrs complex, flattened p wave, PR elongation

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4
Q

3 med approaches for anaphylaxis

A

IM adrenaline 0.5mg
Antihistamine 10mg
IV hydrocortisone 100mg

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5
Q

4 As for secondary prevention of atherosclerosis

A

atorvastatin
aspirin
atenolol
ace inhibitor

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6
Q

2 qualities to induce anaesthesia

A

lipid-soluble (cross BB barrier)

Low affinity for protein (binding to albumin, lowers free concentration of drug)

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7
Q

3 constituents of circle of willis

attached by what

A

anterior cerebral arteries
internal carotid arteries
posterior cerebral arteries
attached by: anterior and posterior communicating

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8
Q

language centres’ trios: name, function, location

A

bad = brocca’s
mother = motor
f*cker = frontal
(non fluent)

want = wernicke’s
to = temporal
shit = sensory
(fluent)

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9
Q

median, ulnar, common peroneal, radial nerve root levels on spine

A

radial = C5 - T1
median = C6 - T1
ulnar = C8 - T1
common peroneal = L4 - S2

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10
Q

4 stages of epileptic seizure

A

prodrome
aura
ictal
post ictal

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11
Q

migraine triggers mnemonic

A 
Cheese
deHydrated
Oral contraceptive pill
Caffeine
On the bevs
Lack of sleep
Anxiety/stress
Travel
Exercise
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12
Q

presentation of migraine mnemonic

A 
Pulsating
Onset 4-72hrs
Unilateral
Nausea
Disabling
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13
Q

triangle of safety for large bore cannula

A

anterior axilliary, mid axilliary, 5th intercostal space

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14
Q

lofgren’s syndrome triad

A

erythema nodosum
polyarthralgia (multiple joint pain)
bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy
(sarcoidosis)

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15
Q

Chest X-ray findings in AHF

A 
A: alveolar oedema
B: Kerley B lines 
C: cardiomegaly 
D: dilated upper lobe vessels
E: effusion (pleural effusion)
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16
Q

5 types of atypical pneumonia

A 
legionella pneumophilia - holiday, hyponatraemia
mycoplasma pneumoniae - target lesions
Chlamydophila pneumoniae - school age
coxiella burnetti - Q fever
chlamidya psittaci - birds
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17
Q

3 key clinical sounds of pneumonia

A

bronchial breath sounds
focal coarse crackles (thick sputum)
dullness to percussion

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18
Q

4 types of pneumonitis ( ____’s lung)

A

bird-fanciers lung (bird droppings)
farmer’s lung (hay spores)
mushroom worker’s lung (mushroom antigens)
malt worker’s lung (mould on barley)

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19
Q

MAN Child mnemonic for drug-induced interstitial lung disease

A

Methotrexate
Amiodarone
Nitrofurantoin
Cyclophosphamide

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20
Q

Real ASS mnemonic for secondary causes of interstitial lung disease

A

RA
Alpha 1 antitrypsin def
Systemic sclerosis
SLE

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21
Q

4 TB drugs and their side effects

A

isoniazid - numb, peripheral neuropathy
rifampicin - red/orange pissing, secretions
pyrazinamide - gout risk
ethambutol - eye, reduced visual acuity and colour blindness

top 3 all hepatotoxic

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22
Q

name for spinal pain in TB

A

pott’s disease of spine

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23
Q

presentation of chronic bronchitis

A

blue bloater

  • chronic airway inflam
  • less o2 reaches blood = cyanosis
  • overweight and peripheral oedema
  • wheeze
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24
Q

presentation of emphysema

A

pink puffer

  • older
  • thin
  • severe dyspnoea
  • quiet chest
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25
resp distress signs
``` incr resp rate use of accessory muscles intercost and subcost recessions nasal flairing head bobbing cyanosis tracheal tugging abnormal airway noises (capill blood gas monitor) ```
26
atrial fib ECG
irregularly irregular | absent P-waves
27
1st degree HB
P-R >200ms
28
2nd degree HB type 1
progressive P-R elongation until QRS drops off
29
2nd degree HB type 2
intermittently dropped QRS (3:1, 4:1)
30
3rd degree HB
no electrical communication between ventricles and atria = p waves and qrs have no relationship
31
ST depression
myocardial ischaemia
32
ST elevation
STEMI
33
delta wave, Short PR interval, Wide QRS complex
wolff-parkinson white - bundle of kent
34
q waves
previous MI
35
tall QRS
ventricular hypertrophy
36
biphasic t waves
ischaemia, hypokalaemia
37
LUTS
``` straining dysuria frequency hesitancy nocturia dribbling haematuria incontinence fever & rigors nausea and vom ```
38
4 treatments for BPH
alpha blocker - tamsulosin anticholinergic 5-alpha reductase inhibitor diuretics - finasteride
39
RF for breast cancer
``` female age personal/fam hist smoking radiation ```
40
symptoms of breast cancer
``` nipple discharge fever weight loss ulceration bone pain erythema dimpling malaise ```
41
6 in 1 immunisation
diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough, polio, HIB, hep b
42
MMR
measles mumps rubella
43
macrovasc comp of diabetes
stroke/TIA periph arterial disease - diab foot myocard infarct
44
microvasc comp of diabetes
diabetic kidney disease nephropathy hypertension ischaemia
45
side effects of NSAIDs
``` indigestion stomach ulcers (PPI eg. omeprazole) headaches drowsy dizzy allergic ```
46
pain analgesic ladder and examples
1. non-opioid 2. weak opioid 3. adjuvant 4. strong opioid
47
xray appearance for osteoarthritis
Loss of joint space Osteophytes Subchondral cysts Subarticular sclerosis
48
xray appearance for RA
Loss of joint space Erosions Soft bones Soft tissue swelling
49
5 S's to diagnose RA
``` slowly progressive symmetrical swollen stiff systemic symptoms (+pain) ```
50
osteoarthritis joints
bouchard nodes heberden's nodes
51
RA 4 hand signs
Boutonniere deformity of thumb Ulnar deviation Swan neck deformity Z shaped deformity of thumb
52
mnemonic for osteoporosis risk factors
``` MY - personal Hx of fracture Steroid use Hyperthyroidism / hyperparathyroidism Alcohol & tobacco Thin (low BMI) - reduced skeletal loading Testosterone low Early menopause Renal or liver disease Erosive / inflammatory bone disease eg RA Dietary calcium low / malabsorption FAMILY - parental Hx of fracture ```
53
mnemonic for common features of seronegative spondyloarthropathies
``` Sausage digits (dactylitis) Psoriasis Inflammatory back pain NSAIDS - good response Enthesitis (heel) ``` Arthritis Crohn’s / UC / high CRP HLA-B27 Eye - anterior uveitis / iritis
54
2 aspects affected by seronegative spondyloarthropathies
sacroiliac joints, spine
55
patterns of disease psoriatic arthritis mnemonic
``` Symmetrical polyarthritis Asymmetrical oligoarthritis DIPJ arthritis Spondylitic arthritis Arthritis Mutilans ```
56
reactive arthritis symp triad
Cant see - conjunctivitis Cant pee - urethritis Cant climb a tree - arthritis + Circinate balanitis keratoderma blennorrhagica
57
4 causes of septic arthritis and their typical patient
Staph aureus = most common, native joints Neisseria gonorrhoea = young/sex/msm Staph epidermidis = joint replacement E.coli / pseudomonas = extremes of age/drug user/immunocompromised
58
mnemonic for symptoms of SLE
``` (need 4/11 to diagnose) Serositis Oral ulcers Arthritis Photosensitivity Blood - all low Renal - lupus nephritis, proteinuria ANA Immunologic - dsDNA Neurologic - psych, seizure Malar rash Discoid rash ```
59
most common cancers that metastasize to bone
``` breast bronchus byroid bidney brostate ```
60
red flags for back pain mnemonic
``` Trauma (osteoporosis) Unexplained weight loss - cancer Neurologic symptoms - cauda equina Age >50, <20 - secondary bone cancer, osteosarcoma ankylosing spondylitis Fever - infection IV drug user - infection Steroid use - infection History of cancer - metastasised? ```
61
charcots triad
fever, jaundice, RUQ pain
62
symptoms of liver disease/cirrhosis
``` asterixis jaundice splenomegaly palmar erythema hepatomegaly ascites spider naevi bruising (abnormal clotting) caput medusae (paraumbilical veins, portal hypertension) gynaecomastia testicular atrophy ```
63
temperature affects neurological symptoms
Uhthoff's phenomenon - MS
64
signs of UMN
Hypertonia – spastic paralysis Brisk reflexes (hyperreflexia) +ve Babinski’s sign
65
signs of LMN
Hypotonia – flaccid paralysis Reduced/absent tendon reflexes Muscle wasting Fasciculations
66
kernigs sign
knee flexed 90 degrees hip flexed 90 degrees knee too painful to flex
67
brudinskis sign
neck too painful to be flexed
68
rovsings sign
palpation of the LIF causes pain in the RIF
69
complications of diverticulitis
Perforation Peritonitis Abscess Haemorrhage
70
scleroderma symptoms mnemonic
``` Calcinosis Raynaud's Esophagitis Sclerodactyly Telangiectasia ```
71
3 microscopy findings of UC
loss of vascular marking crypt branching fistulas
72
4 key aspects of achalasia flowchart
degeneration of ganglia in auerbach's plexus loss of oesophageal peristalsis lower oesophageal sphincter relaxation sudden difficult swallowing solids and liquids
73
2 causes of SBO, 2 causes of LBO
sbo - adhesions (surgery), hernia - nausea vom first then constip later lbo - maliganancy, diverticular disease, volvulus - costip then nausea and vom later
74
3 aspects of treatment for SBO and LBO
NBM IV fluids nasogastric tube w free drainage (1st xray, gold ct)
75
4 key presentation aspects for minimal change disease
Proteinuria Oedema (face) Fatigue Frothy urine - treat with prednisolone and diagnose with biopsy
76
phren sign
relief of pain with scrotal elevation (epididymo-orchitis)
77
cremasteric reflex
stroke inside of thigh causes cremaster muscle to contract/pull ipsilateral testicle toward inguinal canal (absent in torsion)
78
3 classic symptoms associated with polynephritis
nausea/vom fever loin pain
79
8 types of shock
``` cardiogenic hypovolaemic anaphylactic septic neurogenic psychogenic obstructive dissociative ```
80
treat sepsis six
give 3 take 3 1. o2 to keep sats above 94% 2. take blood cult 3. give IV antib 4. give IV fluid challenge 5. take lactate measurement 6. take urine output measurement
81
o2 supply demand mismatch triad in angina
Impairment of blood flow by proximal arterial stenosis Increased distal resistance e.g. left ventricular hypertrophy Reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of blood e.g. anaemia
82
3 classic features of stable angina
constricting/heavy central tight chest apin precipitated on exertion (can also be emotion, cold weather, heavy meals) relieved by GTN spray or rest
83
levine's sign
clenched fist over the chest to cope with the pain of angina
84
4 additional symptoms associated with ischaemic heart disease
Nausea, Sweatiness, Dyspnoea, Palpitations
85
4 signs of MI
Distress and Anxiety Pallor and Sweatiness (pale and clammy) Pulse and BP may be up or down 4th heart sound
86
3 cardiac enzymes for MI
troponin, creatinine kinase, myoglobin
87
mnemonic for hospital treatment of MI (prehospital)
``` Morphine 5-10mg Oxygen if hypoxic (under 94) Nitrates eg. GTN Aspirin and clopidogrel (aspirin 300mg and GTN) ```
88
mnemonic for MI comp
``` Death Arrhythmias Ruptured septum Tamponade Heart failure ``` ``` Valve disease Aneurysm of ventricles Dressler's syndrome Embolism Reoccurrence of ASC ```
89
3 cardinal symptoms
SOB fatigue ankle swelling
90
1st line cardiac failure test
NT-proBNP >2000 ng/l urgent referral 2 weeks 400-2000 ng/l urgent referral 6 weeks <400 ng/l HF not confirmed
91
mnemonic for aortic stenosis symptoms
Dyspnoea Angina Syncope Heart failure
92
mnemonic for mitral regurg symptoms
Dyspnoea (exertional) Oedema Palpitations Exhausted (fatigue)
93
mnemonic for aortic regurgitation symptoms
Palpitations Angina Dyspnoea

phase 2a pain (27 decks)

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