stuff to memorise from microbio Flashcards by a forbes

stain for mycobacteria

ziehl-neelson stain for acid fast bacteria (red on blue background)

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CIAS mnemonic

fix to slide
apply crystal violet stain
apply iodine to form complex
acetone or ethanol to decolourise
apply counterstain safranin

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main tests for viruses

polymerase chain reaction
nucleic acid amplification test
serology

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immunoglobin presence in viruses

IgM within 1 week

IgG later - chronic

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4 types of viral infection

direct destruction
modification
over-reactivity
cell-proliferation

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name for interval between infection and appearance of worm eggs

latent period

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define: pathogen, opportunistic pathogen, commensal, virulence

org cause disease
org cause disease if immunocomp
org that colonises but doesnt cause disease
degree of pathogenicity

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glycoprotein in HIV

gp120

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protein capsid HIV

p24

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how does HIV produce its own viral DNA

using reverse transcriptase

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how frequently do bacteria divide

30-60 mins

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type of bacteria - haemophilus influenzae

gram neg cocco-bacillus, short pink rod

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mechanism of action and example of glycopeptides

inhib cell wall synth

eg. vancomycin

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mechanism of action and example for each of the 3 branches of beta lactams

inhib cell wall synth
penicillins eg. benzylpenicillin, amoxicillin
cephalosporins eg cefotaxime, ceftriaxone
carbapenems eg. imipenem, estapenem

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mechanism of action and example of macrolides

inhib protein synth
eg. clarithromycin, erythromycin
(can be used instead of penicillins)

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mechanism of action and example of tetracyclines

inhib protein synth

eg. doxcycyline

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mechanism of action and example of aminoglycosides

inhib protein synth

eg. gentamicin, streptomycin

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mechanism of action of trimethoprim

inhibit folate synthesis (bad in 1st trimester)

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mechanism of action of ciprofloxacin

inhibit dna gyrase

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mechanism of action of rifampicin

bind to RNA polymerase

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mechanism of action of metronidazole

dna strand breaks

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define broad spec antib, examples and risk

empirical treatment before causitive agent is identified but bacteria is suspected
eg. ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin
may disrupt microbiome

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define narrow spectrum antib

only effective against specific group of bacteria

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suggest times to hand wash

before contact with patient
before aseptic procedure
after contact with patients surroundings
after patient contact
after bodily fluid contact

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how does bacterial resistance occur

plasmid mediated gene transfer spontaneous gene mutation broad spec antibiotic overuse = resistance in gut microbiome

gram posi, clusters, posi coagulase test - bacteria name and its causes + treatment

staphylococcus aureus endocarditis, cellulitis, toxic shock lives in nasal passages treat: flucloxacillin, co-amoxiclav, macrolides

bacteria type and identification for MRSA

gram posi staphylococcus clusters, posi coagulase test

staph aureus = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram posi cocci clusters, posi coagulase test

salmonella = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli, non-lactose fermenting, negative oxidase test (further test on XLD)

staph epidermidis = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram pos cocci clusters, neg coagulase test

group A strep pyogenes = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram pos cocci chains, beta haemolytic (full lysis)

test to differentiate staph bacteria

coagulase

test to differentiate non lactose fermenting gram neg bacteria

test for cytochrome oxidase

agar used to differentiate lactose fermenting and non lactose fermenting

MacConkey agar

agar used to differentiate different haemolytic strep

blood agar

agar used to further differentiate salmonella and shigella

xylose lysine deoxycholate (XLD) agar

Escherichia coli = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli, lactose fermenting

Viridans strep = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram posi cocci chains, alpha haemolytic (partial lysis), optochin resistant

pseudonomas = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli, non lactose fermenting, posi oxidase test

klebsiella = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli, lactose fermenting

MRSA = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram posi cocci clusters, posi coagulase test

staph saphrophiticus = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram posi cocci clusters, neg coagulase test

shigella = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli, non lactose fermenting, neg oxidase test (further test on XLD)

proteus = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli, non lactose fermenting, neg oxidase test

lancefield A B C G = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram pos cocci chains, beta haemolytic (full lysis)

lancefield D = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram pos cocci chains, gamma haemolytic (no lysis)

neisseria = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg cocci

haemophilia influenzae = describe bacteria shape/stain and any + or - tests

gram neg bacilli or coccobacilli

antibiotic for patient with penicillin allergy

clarithromycin | erythromycin

which antib not used during 1st trimester

trimethropin

why can't viruses be cultured

only reproduce in live cells/dependent on host cell

which type of bacteria is TB

mycobacteria

bacteria causing endocarditis in IV drug users

``` staph aureus epididymis pseudomonas candida (bacteria settles on heart valves) ```

most common bacteria causing endocarditis in non-drug patient

``` viridans strep (dental treatment) enterococci ```

clinical signs of endocarditis

bruising, splinter haemorrhages, splenomegaly, small emboli lodging elsewhere

treat endocarditis

vancomycin flucloxacillin gentamicin

enteric bacteria: - food related - antib related - infection related

- salmonella, campylobacter, ecoli, clostridium perfringens - clostridium difficile - shigella

most common cause encephalitis

herpes simplex virus

``` cause of meningitis in: newborn infants young adults elderly ```

- escherichia coli, group B strep, listeria monocytogenes - neisseria meningitidis, h. influenzae, strep pneumoniae - neisseria men - strep pneumoniae, neisseria men, listeria monocytogenes

location for LP

L3-L4

CSF appearance in bacterial meningitis

cloudy, neutrophils, low gluc, high protein

CSF appearance in viral meningitis

clear, lymphocytes, normal gluc, normal or slightly raised protein

risk factors for necrotic tissue, ulcers

DM, bed ridden, peripheral vasc disease

impetigo bacteria

staph aureus, strep pyogenes

folliculitis bacteria

staph aureus, ecoli in anal area

cellulitis area and bacteria

legs, strep pyogenes, IV drug users

stuff to memorise from microbio Flashcards

(66 cards)