Tumors of the skin/SQ Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
Disregarding basal cell tumors, the percentage of malignant skin tumors in cats is HIGHER than dogs, ranging from ___-___%.
A
70-80%
2
Q
White cats in California have a ____ - fold increased risk in developing SCC.
A
13.4-fold
3
Q
One study used PCR to amplify PPV DNA in cats with SCC and found that up to ___% of UV-protected SCCs are positive vs. ___% in UV-induced SCCs.
A
- 76%
- 42%
4
Q
p16 levels, which are elevated in PPV, were compared with trichoblastoma and solar-induced SCCs and were found to be elevated in ___% of viral plaques, BISCs, and non-solar invasive SCCs.
A
100%
5
Q
Organ transplant recipients have up to ___ - fold increased risk for development of SCC.
A
100-fold
6
Q
In people, BCCs are thought to arise from critical mutations in the _________ signaling pathway.
A
HH
7
Q
The vast majority (96%) of cats with BCTs express ____, similar to humans. one study found that ____ in 5 feline BCTs was negative in all samples.
A
- Bcl-2: high expression
- p53: no expression
8
Q
A common finding in cutaneous SCC is mutations in ______.
A
p53
9
Q
Three studies of p53 in canine cutaneous SCC revealed that ___% were positive for p53 overexpression whereas in cats, ___% of cutaneous SCC were positive for p53 and feline actinic keratosis was found to be highly positive for p53 expression in ___%.
A
canine: 30%
cats: 48%
feline actinic keratosis: 79%
10
Q
A study found that 100% of trichoepitheliomas and pilomatricomas express ______, supportive of a role in formation of hair follicle tumors.
A
B-catenin
11
Q
Cyclin A was found to be present in ___% of feline SCCs and ___% of canine SCCs. _______ was rarely expressed in skin tumors of any type.
A
Cyclin A
- Feline: 90%
- Canine: 44%
12
Q
_______ is a TKI that is associated with rapid development of actinic keratosis and invasive SCC in people.
A
Sorafenib
13
Q
Expression of what has been correlated with SCC? Downregulation of what has been seen?
A
upregulation: p53, Cyclin A, PPV, p16
downregulation: p27
14
Q
________ is used in human tumors to identify tumors with sweat gland epithelial differentiation. It has been used in dogs to differentiate BCC from a solid-cystic ductular tumor.
A
Cytokeratin 8 (CAM5.2)
15
Q
What canine and feline breeds are predisposed to basal cell carcinoma?
A
canine
- Poodles and Cocker spaniels
feline
- Siamese and long-haired cats
16
Q
In cats, BCC are now thought to be rare and many are being reclassified as either _________ (60%) or ________ (40%).
A
solid-cystic apocrine ductular adenomas or trichoblastomas
17
Q
Cats with SCC in situ treated with surgery for single nasal and pinnal lesions were reported to have a DFI of ____ and MST of _______.
A
DFI: 20mo
MST: 23mo
18
Q
Sr-90 therapy in 14 cats with SCC of nasal planum resulted in CR rate of ___% and overall survival time of ____.
A
CR 100%
MST > 8 years
19
Q
Name two therapies effective for BISC lesions.
A
imiquimod 5%
photodynamic therapy
20
Q
Photodynamic therapy for BISC in cats reported response rates up to ___%.
A
100%
21
Q
What cat breeds have a DECREASED risk of cutaneous SCC?
A
Siamese
Himalayan
Persian
22
Q
What is a reported metastatic rate at time of death in cats with invasive SCC of the nasal planum? What were the most common sites?
A
44%
regional lns and lungs
23
Q
The regional metastatic rate of cutaneous SCC in dogs is ___% and the distant metastatic rate is ___%.
A
regional: 24%
distant: 0%
24
Q
In a series of 61 cats with cutaneous SCC treated with surgery, RT, and cryosurgery, surgery resulted in longest DFI at _______.
A
DFI 20 months
25
Carboplatin compounded with sterile sesame oil was injected into nasal planum SCC in cats and resulted in CR rate of ____% and a ___% PFS rate at 1 year.
CR 73%
PFS 1 year 55%
26
****Electrochemotherapy with IV bleomycin has shown an ___% CR rate for 2 months to 3 years in cats with cutaneous SCC.
cr 82%
27
Mitoxantrone response rates in cutaneous SCC are reported to be ___% in dogs and ___% in cats.
dogs: 44%
cats: 13%
28
What medical therapies have shown clinical activity in dogs with cutaneous SCC?
cisplatin, bleomycin, actinomycin-D, and mitoxantrone
29
The Nordic breeds, Belgian sheepdogs, Lhasa apso, GSDs, and terriers are predisposed in developing what follicular tumor?
Infundibular keratinizing acanthoma
30
If surgery is not feasible for an infundibular keratinizing acanthoma, what has been proven to be effective in 3/7 dogs?
isotretinoin
31
What is the most common location of a tricholemmoma?
head
32
______ and ____ are at increased risk for developing trichoblastomas.
Poodles and setters
33
Bassets, Bullmastiff, standard poodle, soft-coated WT, ESS, Golden, Schnauzer and Setters appear predisposed to that follicular tumor?
Trichoepithelioma
34
Multiple trichoepitheliomas have been reported to occur in ____ and _______.
Bassets and English springer spaniels
35
What two follicular tumors have a malignant variant that has high potential for metastasis?
malignant trichoepithelioma and malignant pilomatricoma
36
Another name for a malignant trichoepithelioma is a ___________. It is difficult to distinguish from a ______.
matrical carcinoma
malignant pilomatricoma
37
What are alternative names for a pilomatricoma?
- Necrotizing and calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe
- Pilomatrixoma
38
The Kerry blue terrier, SCWT, Bouvier des Flandres, Standard poodle, Old English sheepdog, Bichon fries, and Airedale terrier are breeds at risk for what follicular tumor?
pilomatricoma
39
_______ is a follicular tumor that may be very firm as a result of ossification.
Pilomatricoma
40
What "benign" sebaceous tumor may have malignant behavior, such as LN metastasis or lymphatic invasion seen at the margin?
sebaceous epithelioma
41
What breeds are predisposed to benign sebaceous tumors?
miniature schnauzers, beagles, poodles, and cocker spaniels
42
Sebaceous hyperplasia is more common in _____ dogs whereas sebaceous carcinoma is more common in ______ dogs.
sebaceous hyperplasia: female
sebaceous carcinoma: intact male
43
What are the predisposed breeds to sebaceous carcinoma?
Cavalier King Charles spaniel, cocker spaniel, and terrier breeds
44
For benign cutaneous apocrine gland tumors, cats tend to have a high predilection for the ______.
head
45
_______ and ______ are predisposed to developing cutaneous apocrine gland carcinoma.
Goldens and Treeing Walker coonhounds
46
What cutaneous tumor of glandular organ can appear as nodular tumors or erosive and inflammatory skin disease, termed "inflammatory carcinoma?"
apocrine gland carcinoma
47
What glandular tumor arises from sweat glands on footpads?
eccrine adenoma or carcinoma
48
______ cells are apart of the mechanoreceptors in the skin.
Merkel cells
49
________ are glandular tumors considered to be highly malignant in humans but most case reports in dogs and cats suggest a more benign clinical course.
Merkel cell carcinoma (a.k.a. neuroendocrine carcinoma)
50
Most dogs with nodular dermatofibrosis die as a result of renal failure or progressive renal cystadenocarcinoma on average _____ after initial detection of dermatofibrosis.
3 years
51
What is the staging scheme for tumors of the ear canal?
- T1: tumor confined to external or horizontal ear canal
- T2: tumor extending beyond the tympanic membrane
- T3: tumor extending beyond middle ear/bone destruction
52
_______ and ______ are predisposed dog breeds for ceruminous adenoma.
Cocker spaniels and poodles
53
_______ and ______ are predisposed dog breeds for ceruminous adenocarcinoma.
Cocker spaniels and GSDs
54
Skull radiographs revealed lysis of the bulla in ___% of dogs and ___% of cats with ceruminous adenocarcinoma. Metastasis (regional ln/lungs) was reported in ___% of dogs and cats.
- dog bulla lysis: 48%
- cat bulla lysis: 19%
- met rate: <10%
55
The MST following TECA-BO for ceruminous adenocarcinoma in dogs is _____ vs. cats _____.
MST:
- dogs: 3 years
- cats: 3.5-4+ years
56
6 cats and 5 dogs with ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma were treated with orthovoltage RT (12 x 4Gy). Estimated mean PFS was ____ and 1-year PFS rate was ___%.
- PFS: >3 years
- PFS 1 yr: 56%
57
****Name prognostic factors for cats with ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma and list the differences in MST.
- MI /= 3 shorted survival (2 years)
- Presence of neurologic signs (2mo vs. 16mo)
- Extension beyond the ear canal (4mo vs. 22mo)
- Histology: CGA >4yrs; carcinoma of unknown origin 6mo; SCC 4mo
58
****Name prognostic factors for dogs with ceruminous gland adenocarcinoma and list differences in MST.
- extension beyond ear canal (6mo vs. 30mo)
59
List the 5 most common digit tumors in dogs in descending order. Include % for top 3.
1. SCC (47%)
2. Melanoma (24%
3. STS (13%)
4. MCT
5. OSA
60
Approximately ___% of dogs with digital SCC have involvement of multiple digits. This typically occurs in large breeds with _____ hair coats. List 7 predisposed breeds for developing multiple digital SCC.
- 3%
- black
- Black labs, Giant Schnauzer, Beauceron, Briard, Rottie, Standard poodle, Gordon setter
61
_______ and _____ are breeds predisposed to digital SCC (solitary).
dachshunds and flat-coated retrievers
62
What breeds are predisposed to digital melanoma?
Scottie, Schnauzer, Irish Setter
63
A review of pathologists demonstrated a ___% rate of disagreement among diagnosis of digital tumors. The differentiation between ______ and _______ was most difficult.
20%
SCC and IKA
64
List the 6 most common digital tumors in cats in descending order. Name the % for the top 3.
1. SCC (25%)
2. FSA (23%)
3. ACA (22%)
4. OSA
5. HSA
6. MCT
65
In a series of cats with digital carcinoma, ____% had acrometastasis from primary lung tumors. The remainder had primary SCC of the digit. What were the MSTs of both?
- 88%
- MST acrometastasis: 1 mo
- MST primary digital SCC: 7mo
66
****In dogs with digital SCC, ___-___% had evidence of metastasis at presentation and an additional ___-___% subsequently developed metastasis.
6-13%
9-17%
67
A ______ location may carry a BETTER prognosis than other sites in digit for SCC in dogs.
subungual
68
In dogs with digital melanoma, ____-___% had regional or distant metastasis at time of diagnosis and ___-___% developed metastasis after definitive treatment.
32-40%
20-26%
69
For cats with digital SCC, ___% had evidence of bone lysis and ___% had regional lymph node metastasis.
50%
13%
70
Among cats with digital melanoma, ___% developed metastasis to regional LN, bone, lung.
80%
71
For digital SCC in dogs treated with surgery alone, 1-year survival rate is ___-___% and 2-year survival rate is ___-___%. For dogs with subungual location, 1-year survival rate is ___% and 2-year survival rate is ___%. All other locations had a 1-year survival rate of ___% and 2-year survival rate of ___%.
- 1 year survival: 50-83%
- 2 year survival: 18-62%
- 1 year survival with subungual location: 95%
- 2 year survival with subungual location: 74%
- 1-year survival other location: 60%
- 2 year survival other location: 40%
72
MST for cats with digital SCC ranges from ____-____.
2-7 months
73
Dogs with digital melanoma treated with surgery alone have a 1-year survival rate of ____-____% and 2-year survival rate of ____-_____%.
1-year: 42-57%
2-year: 13-36%
74
Carboplatin administration after surgery for dogs with digital melanoma yield _______ difference in outcome. The 1-year survival rate was ___% and the 2-year was ___%. The MST was _____.
- no difference in outcome
- 1year: 89%
- 2-year: 67%
- MST 3.7yrs
75
In a study of 58 dogs with digital melanoma treated with an adjuvant xenogeneic (murine) tyrosinase vaccine, ____% had metastasis at time of presentation, the overall MST was _____, the 1-year survival rate was ___%, and the 2-year survival rate was ___%.
- 28%
- MST 16mo
- 1 year survival: 63%
- 2 year survival: 32%
76
Bone lysis was noted in ___% of dogs with digital SCC and ___-___% of dogs with digital melanoma.
- SCC: 80%
- melanoma: 5-100% (40% in this study)
77
What epithelial membrane glycoprotein is considered highly specific for differentiation of BCCs from SCCs or cystic solid ductular tumors in humans?
BerEP4
78
A retrospective study evaluating outcome of 193 dogs with dermal SCC was performed. The oMST was _____. Patients with SCC demonstrating actinic change had a _____ survival time of _______ vs. those without ____.
- 33mo
- longer
- 45mo
- 23mo
79
A recent retrospective study evaluating the prevalence of metastasis in cutaneous SCC in dogs and cats found an overall metastatic rate of ___%, which was ___% in dogs and ___% in cats. Metastases affected ___% of lymph nodes in dogs and ___% in cats.
- 4%
- 4%
- 5%
- 100%
- 66%
80
Electrochemotherapy and surgery association with survival time in dogs with SCC. Surgery combined with ECT yielded a survival rate ___% higher than surgery alone. ECT, w/ or w/ out surgery, yielded an ORR of ___%. Local lymph node and/or distant metastasis at diagnosis or some point during follow up occurred in ___%
- 32%
- 91%
- 35%
81
Response and outcome in cats with nasal planum SCC treated with strontium plesiotherapy was RECENTLY assessed and a single dose treatment vs. a fractionated (5) treatment was compared. Strontium induced overall CR in ___%. Overall DFI was ____ with ___% of cats experiencing local recurrence. oMST was ____. Which treatment protocol resulted in improved DFI but not significantly improved response rate or survival time? Be sure to list the DFI for each group.
- 74%
- 26 months
- 17%
- 35 months
- fractionated (5) Sr-90 resulted in improved DFI but not RR or MST
- DFI fractionated: 5.5 years
- DFI single dose: 8mo
82
A study evaluating the behavior and outcome in cats with sarcoids was performed. Where did most occur? The overall local recurrence rate was ___%. The recurrence rate and DFI for cats with complete excision was ____% and _____, respectively. For cats with incomplete excision, the recurrence was was ___% and DFI was ____. ____% of cats that underwent curative-intent revision surgery after recurrence did not have recurrence.
- face
- 40%
- 11%, not reached
- 67%, 8 months
- 83%
83
The MST of cats with aural SCC treated with surgery is ______ compared to ____ for cats treated with either medical management, RT, chemotherapy, or a combination of chemotherapy and RT (although not statistically significant).
- MST sx: 6 months
- MST other: 3 months
84
What is the response rate in cats with eyelid SCC treated with strontium plesiotherapy?
100%
85
What 3 signaling pathways have been linked to canine cutaneous SCC? What loss of function mutation has been observed?
- PI3K/AKT/mTOR
- Hippo
- EGFR
- PTEN loss of function
86
Evaluation of outcome in feline cutaneous SCC treated with photodynamic therapy using liposomal mTHPC was performed. The RR was ___% with a CR rate of ___% and a PR rate of ___%. The PFI was ____ and the MST was ____. ____ and ______ tumors were found to NOT be good candidates for PDT. What was the PFI for one of these poor prognostic factors?
- RR 84%
- CR 61%
- PR 22%
- PFI 35mo
- MST 40mo
- invasive and larger lesions not good candidates
- PFI invasive tumors <6 months
87
What other tumor besides plasmacytoma is IHC positive for MUM1/IRF-4?
Cutaneous histiocytoma
88
What is the recently reported sensitivity and specificity for using optical coherence tomography (OCT) to assess real time surgical margins for canine cutaneous and SQ tumors?
- Se: 87%
- Sp: 85%
89
What was the accuracy of an automated machine in correctly diagnosing 7 canine skin tumors on H&E-stained whole-slide images?
95%
90
A recent paper evaluating the immunophenotyping of neoplastic histiocytes in cats and feline progressive histiocytosis found a MST of ____ for histiocytic sarcoma, which was significantly shorter than that of FPH at _____.
MST HS: 5mo
MST FPH: 16mo
91
What 2 cat breeds develop viral plaques more frequently at a younger age? What breed can you see malignant transformation into SCC with high metastatic potential?
- Sphinx and Devon Rex
- Devon Rex
92
The MST for dogs with digital melanoma and no evidence of metastasis at diagnosis, treated with surgery alone, is _______.
12 months
93
****In a study evaluating p16 immunostaining in canine SCC found that ___% of tumors were moderately immunoreactive for p16. CPV-1 was amplified in ___%. There was no association between p16 and CPV-1 and it was concluded that papillomaviruses do NOT play a significant role in canine SCC.
17%
6%
94
Neoplastic transformation from papillomavirus results from destabilization of _____ by viral protein E6 and inhibition of _____ by viral protein E7. This leads to increased levels of ____, which can be detected on IHC.
- p53
- pRB
- p16
