TYPES OF SPEECHES Flashcards
(12 cards)
4 goals of Informative Speeches
clear
accurate
vivid
interesting
Types of Informative speeches:
objects
procedures
events
people
ideas
strategies for informing others:
(new)ideas - use clear definitions, examples, negative examples, or operational definitions;
complex process - give an overview of the
process, use visual aids, or use word pictures to clarify the process;
to change a common misconception - first acknowledge the misconception, and then use the evidence to support the more accurate idea or conclusion you want to teach your listeners.
Speaking to persuade
you need to focus on your TARGET AUDIENCE
Means of persuasion = techniques : credibility, logic and emotion;
Means of Persuasion
CREDIBILITY: the three factors of
credibility are: competence, trustworthiness and dynamism;
the more believable you are to your listener, the more effective you will be as
a persuasive communicator;
Aristotle - ethos
Quintilian - speaker = “a good man speaking well”;
LOGIC: Arstotle - logos (he word)
three types of reasoning: Inductive (specific ex. - general concl.) / Deductive (general-specific) / Causal ( 1 or more of the events caused the other)
four types of evidence are: facts, examples, opinions and statistics;
EMOTION: Aristotle - pathos
an appeal to emotion can be an effective way to achieve a desired response from an audience;
three dimensions of emotional response to a message: pleasure-displeasure, arousal-nonarousal, and power-powerlessness;
specific
suggestions for appealing to audience emotions include using: examples that
help listeners visualize what you describe, emotion-arousing words, non- verbal behavior to communicate your emotional response, and visual images
to evoke emotions;
- to persuade skillfully you need to adapt your message to your audience
Special Occasion Speaking
- Speeches of Praise and Blame
- Speeches of Response and Farewell: usually addressed in reply to speeches of praise and blame;
- Speeches of Celebration
- Speeches of Factual Explanation
- Good-will Speeches: used for advertising purposes and in many businesses and professions; all speeches made with other primary purposes in mind (such as to make an explanation, to entertain, or to persuade) in a sense have secondary purposes to create
good will; - Inspirational Speeches
- Entertaining Speeches
- Speeches of persuasion:
- Radio Speeches
- Speeches of Praise and Blame
They both depend upon a knowledge of human virtues and accomplishments.
1.a. simple forms of praise - they are brief expressions of: thanks, commendation (a spk recommends another person for a position), congratulation;
1.b. simple forms of blame - faultfinding is the mildest form of blame, it names the fault; / condemning as wrong means that faults are not only named, but condemned / hostile criticism may grow out of friendly relations between the persons concerned, but it is the result of unfriendly relations and ill will;
Speeches of praise and blame can be classified into: simple tribute (have an informative purpose – when the
audience already believes that the person who is praised is worthy of it), formal eulogy, nomination, presentation (to honor people by presenting gifts or prizes;), introduction (relations are established between speaker and audience,) and welcome.
- Speeches of Factual Explanation
their purpose is to make clear matter which is new or is not understood.
there are 5 common purposes of explanations:
- explanations or definitions or the meaning of words
- explanations of what others have said or written
- explanations of processes and procedures
- explanations of past and present events
- explanations of the significance or importance of facts
- Inspirational Speeches
all speeches which are intended to persuade the members of an audience to perform the work in which they are engaged to the best of their ability, or with a higher degree of proficiency;
they are made of two kinds of audiences: audiences of persons who have failed in
recent undertakings, and audiences of persons who have not failed, but whom the
speaker wishes to move to greater effort;
- Entertaining Speeches
they have a very pronounced psychological and physiological effect on listeners; good
entertaining speeches provide listeners with relaxation, by taking their minds off the
tasks on which they are working; relaxation brings about a rapid rebuilding of energy
and a new interest in and enthusiasm for the tasks ahead; laughter-producing
entertaining speeches have a very beneficial effect on listeners;
speakers who are able to entertain their audiences possess a skill which is of the
greatest importance in speechmaking: it is important to be able to liven up serious
informative and persuasive speeches with entertaining material;
it is not the subject that determines success or failure, it is the manner in
which the subject is treated;
- Speeches of persuasion:
there are 5 methods of persuasion:
- the persuasive effect of the speaker`s personality
- the persuasive influence of explanatory material
- the persuasive influence of entertaining material
- the persuasive influence of reasoned discourse
- the persuasive influence of appeals to wants
- Radio Speeches
all kinds of speeches – informative, persuasive, entertaining – are made by radio; an unseen (i.e. radio) audience may leave a speaker at any time and he will not know that it has left;
the biggest problem of radio speaking is to build and keep an audience which cannot
be seen;
here are some brief directions for the preparation of
radio speeches:
- be sincere, natural, conversational, and enthusiastic
- use simple words and short sentences, since the message must be instantly
understood
- radio speeches usually are read
- do not try to do too much ; have a simple organization plan; do not clutter up
too many ideas - make what you have to say interesting (i.e. vital, familiar, striking, specific,
make it change); there must be plenty of ‘glue’ to your ideas
