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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > U2- Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

U2- Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

nervous system function

A

maintains homeo.

w/ electrical + chem. signals

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2
Q

stages

A

1- detects change (sensor)
2- CNS decodes message
3- CNS ignites muscl. + gland cells

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3
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS) parts

A

to or away from CNS
inc. sensory and motor
then visceral and somatic

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4
Q

nerve

A

bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in CT

fun- carry signals btw organs

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5
Q

gangilia

A

swelling of nerve

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6
Q

sensory branch of PNS

A

carries sig to CNS

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7
Q

motor branch of PNS

A

sign to CNS that ignite muscle and gland cells

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8
Q

visceral motor branch of PNS- parts

A

“autonomic”

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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9
Q

visceral motor branch PNS- sympathetic

A

arouses body for action

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10
Q

visceral motor branch PNS- parasympathetic

A

calming affect

stim. digestion

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11
Q

visceral motor branch PNS- function

A

sign to glands
cardiac + smooth muscl.
adipose tissue

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12
Q

somatic motor branch PNS

A

sign to skeletal musc.

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13
Q

somatic sensory branch PNS

A

sig from skin, musc. and bones

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14
Q

visceral sensory branch PNS

A

sign from heart, lungs, stomach, bladder…

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15
Q

neuron charac.

A

excitability
conductivity
secretion

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16
Q

neuron excitability

A

respond to environ. changes (stimuli)

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17
Q

neuron conductivity

A

respond to stimuli w/ electrical sig.

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18
Q

classes of neurons

A

sensory
interneurons
motor

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19
Q

sensory neurons

A

“afferent”
toward
detect stim. + transfer to CNS
exterorecptors + proprioreceptors

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20
Q

interneurons

A

makes decisions

only in CNS

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21
Q

motor neurons

A

“efferent”
away
send sig. from CNS to musc. + gland cells

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22
Q

dendrites

A

receive sig. from o/ neurons

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23
Q

node of ranvier

A

space on axon btw internodes

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24
Q

internode

A

thick protein structures

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25
Q

soma

A

control center of neuron

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26
Q

neurofibrils

A

actin filament

organize rough ER

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27
Q

penkaryon

A

cytoplasm of soma

produces neurotrans.

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28
Q

axon

A

conduction of nerve sig. away from soma

long tail

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29
Q

axon terminal

A

forms synapse w/ next neuron

where neurotransm. released

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30
Q

axonal transport

A

anteograde

retrograde

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31
Q

anteograde

A

performed by kinesins

soma to axon

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32
Q

reterograde

A

performed by dyneins

axon to soma

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33
Q

neurogilia

A

“microgilia”

protect neurons and provide framework

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34
Q

types of cells in CNS

A

ependymal
microgllia
astrocytes
oliogodendrocytes

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35
Q

types of cells in PNS

A

schwann + satellite cells

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36
Q

ependymal cells

A

line brain and spine

produce cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)

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37
Q

microglia

A

destroy foreign bodies (not very effective)

immune cells of brain

38
Q

astrocytes

A

supportive structure
stim. neurons
regulate comp of ICF
maintain blood-brain barrier

39
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

myleination of axons

40
Q

schwann cells

A

regen of damaged nerve fibers

form sheath around PNS axons

41
Q

satellite cells

A

surround soma in ganglia

electrical insulator

42
Q

myelin sheath for PNS and CNS

A

CNS- oliogodendrocytes

PNS- Schwann

43
Q

multipolar neuron

A

form all motor systems

very long

44
Q

bipolar neuron

A

long axons

45
Q

unipolar neuron

A

horizontal
cell body off to one side
found in afferent- sensory neurons

46
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

no axon
alters act. of o/ neurons
found in brain
act as junction box

47
Q

schwann cells

A

wrap around axon like toothpaste tube
cytoplasm forced to one end
if unmyleinated
folds only once around axon

48
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

cannot migrate

have centrifugal myleination (away) and centripetal myleination (towards center)

49
Q

factors of nerve conduction speed

A

diameter of fiber

presence of myelination

50
Q

nerve regeneration (only PNS)

A

1- fiber cut + degenerated by macrophages
2- soma swells
nucleus moves off center
axon makes new terminals
3- near cut, schwann cell make re-gen tube
4- tube guides terminals to target cell
synapse reestablished
5- soma shrinks
reinnervated musc. fibers grow
5-

51
Q

electrical potential

A

diff in conc. of charged part. btw points

form potential energy

52
Q

potential energy

A

can produce a current (flow of charged par.)

53
Q

polarized

A

if has poten. voltage

54
Q

resting mem. pot. (RMP)

A

charge diff. across plasma mem.
through ele. currents
ion flow through ion gated channels

55
Q

RMP factors

A

diffusion of ions down conc. gradient
selective permeability of mem. for ions
attraction of cations and anions

56
Q

mvmnt of Na and K across mem.

A

3 Na out- mre conc. in ECF

2 K in- most permeable to mem.

57
Q

sensors

A

rxn in PNS

change RPM

58
Q

effectors

A

sensors send signal to effectors in CNS

59
Q

current flow diagram

A 
resting
graded
action pot.
neurotransmitter
      (disturbes resting mem. again)
60
Q

local potential location

A

dendrites and soma

61
Q

local pot. charact.

A

graded
decremental
reversible

62
Q

graded

A

vary in volt. based on stim. (Ex. hyper, or re/depolarization)
higher stim- channel open for more time

63
Q

decremental explanation

A

as Na charge reaches surr. K it quickly gets repolarized (more negative)

64
Q

reversible

A

mem. returns to resting

excitatory or inhibitory

65
Q

excitatory reversibility + postsynaptic pot.

A

depolarize by ACh

neuron more likely to reach action potential

66
Q

inhibitory reversibility + postsynaptic pot.

A

hyperpolarize (extra neg.)

neuron less likely make action pot.

67
Q

ways to open and close gated channels

A

chemically
mechanically
voltage

68
Q

local pot. channels charac.

A

graded

mech. and chemically controlled

69
Q

action potential location

A

axon

70
Q

action pot. charac.

A 
all or none rule
      if depolar. to threshold- fires max voltage
      NOT GRADED
nondecremental
not reversible
      action pot. cannot be stopped
71
Q

action pot. channel charac.

A

gated
vol. gated
need density of vol. to work
can be caused by excitatory local pot. if reaches trigger zone
how action pot. move in one direction (transfer)

72
Q

action pot. steps

A

1- depolar. of mem by current (local pot.)
2- threshold met
3- neuron produces action pot.
Na enters cells + depolar.
mem. vol. inc
4- Na flow stops
polarity flipped from RMP
ICF mre + and ECF mre -
5- K ions repelled by positive charge and exit cell
repolar. mem. to -
6- mre K channels open than Na
causes mre neg. repolarization (hyperpolar.)

73
Q

simplified action pot. steps

A 
1- RMP
2- Local pot.
3- Threshold
4- depolar (Na in)
5- Na channels close and K channels open @ top
6- repolar (K out)
7- RMP passed negatively (hyperpolar.)
8- Na K pump compensates and returns mem. to RMP
74
Q

refractory period

A

resistance against restimulating an action pot. after neuron fires

75
Q

absolute period

A

as long as Na gates open

no amnt of stim will trigger neuron

76
Q

relative period

A

from Na gates closure to hyperpol.
strong stim. wil trigger neuron
has to overcome output of K+ ions w/ Na (hard to do)

77
Q

signal conduction- unmyleinated

A

uninterrupted chain rxn of current
“continuous conduction”
channels along entire length

78
Q

signal conduction- myelinated

A

faster
“salatory conduction”
current not continuous
only gated channels at node of ranviers

79
Q

continuation of signal in myelinated neuron

A

Na enters node of ranv. + repelled by o/ Na
moves dwn axon like repelling magnets
dec. strength w/ distance

80
Q

roll of synapses

A

if delay signal speed

used bc are processing componet

81
Q

temporal summation

A

stim from only one synapse
stim regen before 1st current fades
build up overtime
triggers action pot. w/ threshold vol.

82
Q

spatial summation

A

stims from many synapses

meet at hillock

83
Q

presynaptic facilitation

A

one neuron enhances effects of o/ neurons

84
Q

presynaptic inhibition

A

one neuron suppresses effects of o/ neurons

85
Q

synpatic plasticity

A

synapses can be added and taken away in responce to experience
allows signals to travel easier

86
Q

maintenance of RMP

A

Na K pump

ion gated channels

87
Q

why is RMP negative if K and Na are +

A

k mre permeable to mem.

mem. favors K at -90 v Na at +50

88
Q

Na ion mvmt across mem

A 
originally- moves into cell along conc. gradient
     lessens negative - charge of ICF
          since not opposite anymore
                 Na channels close
equilibrium = +50
89
Q

K ion mvmnt across mem

A

K more permeable
moves along conc. gradient to less conc. which is outside of the cell
cell becomes more neg.
since not opposite charges anymore
K channels close
equilibrium = -90

90
Q

RMP voltage amount

A

-70

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (12 decks)

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