U2- Practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
diaphysis
A
shaft of long bone
2
Q
epiphysis
A
ends of long bone, increases SA for attachment
houses spongy bone
3
Q
articular cartilage
A
surrounds ends of bones
hyaline cartilage
allows for lubrication of joints
4
Q
epiphyseal plate/ line
A
growth plate
spot of metaphysis
5
Q
medullary cavity
A
cavity houses bone marrow
spot for hematopoiesis
6
Q
compact bone
A
outer shell of bones
7
Q
spongy bone
A
permeated bone filled w/ bone marrow
found on inside of bones
8
Q
trabeculae
A
lattice structure that composes spongy bone
9
Q
osteon
A
basic unit of bone
central canal + lamellae
10
Q
osteocyte
A
former osteoblast trapped in matrix deposited
11
Q
central canal
A
center of concentric lamellae
where vasculature enters the bone
12
Q
perforating canals
A
connect central canals w/ diagonal passages
13
Q
concentric lamellae
A
layers of matrix circled around central canal
14
Q
circumferential lamellae
A
lines boundaries of dense bone
hold broken down osteons
15
Q
lacuna
A
house osteocytes
connected by canaliculi
16
Q
canaliculi
A
channels connect conc. lamellae + lacunae
17
Q
bone endosteum
A
reticular CT
lines internal marrow cavity, canal system and all spongy bone
18
Q
bone periosteum
A
external sheath covering bones
19
Q
perforating fibers (Sharpey’s)
A
connect Spongy bone (lamellae) to periosteum (outside sheath)
20
Q
muscle fiber
A
single musc. cell
contains proteins filaments, multiple nuculi and smooth Er
21
Q
endomysium
A
surr. e/ musc. fiber
22
Q
epimysium
A
elastic sheath surr. whole muscle
23
Q
muscle fascicle
A
bundle of musc. fiber
surr. by perimysium
24
Q
perimysium
A
sheath surr. entire muscle fiber. makes Fascicle
25
tendon
fibrous collagenous tissue attaches bone to muscle
26
aponeurosis
envelope, bind or connect musc.
27
neuromuscular junction
never fiber meets target cell + target cell is a musc. cell
28
mvmnt- fibrous structure
synarthrosis. No mvmnt (fused) ex. skull
29
mvmnt- cartilaginous
amphiarthrosis. partcial mvmnt ex. spine
30
mvmnt- synovial
diathrosis. freely movable Ex. shoulder, elbow, ankle...
31
types of synovial joints (6)
```
ball and socket
gliding
hinge
saddle
pivot
ellipsoidal
```
32
articular capsule
encloses joint cav.
retains syn. fluid
covered by fibrous capsule
33
synovial mem.
inside fibrous capsule
| contains cells that secrete syn. fluid
34
articular cartilage
hyaline cart.
| covers ends of bones
35
joint cavity
divides cartilage and bone
| contains syn fluid
36
burase
fibrous sac of syn fluid
| btw muscles, where tendon passes over bone or btw bone and skin
37
ligaments
attaches bone to bone
38
Gliding joint
two sheets griding over e/ o/
ex. btw carpal bones
non-axial
39
hinge joint
like door
ex. elbow and knee
mono-axial
40
pivot joint
one part rotating around another
ex. axial vertebrate (first 2 verteb)
mono-axial
41
ellipsoidal joint
```
vertical twisting (like grounding powder in chem)
ex. joint btw carpal and metacarpal
biaxial
```
42
saddle joint
u shaped depression w/ lateral mvmnt
ex. sternum- clavical joint
biaxial
43
ball and socket joint
has circumdifcial mvmnt
ex. hips and shoulder
triaxial
44
flexion
reducing angle
| ex. moving forearm towards body at 90 degree angle
45
extension
creating larger angle
| ex. straightening forearm away body at 90 degree angle
46
abduction
away from the body
| ex. legs swings laterally
47
adduction
towards the body
| ex. arms move towards midline
48
rotation
bone spins on longitudinal axis
| ex. turning ankle left and right
49
lateral flexion
Ex. left and right at waist
50
protraction
anterior mvmnt in horizontal plane
| ex. pushing chin out
51
retraction
posterior mvmnt in horiz. plane
| ex. pushing chin into neck (double chin)
52
circumduction
one end of appendage is stationary, while other rotates
| ex. shoulder exercises
53
L rotation
head and chest turn right
54
R rotation
head and chest turn left
55
dorsiflexion
lift toes up
56
plantarflexion
toes down
57
endochondral oss. vs intramembranous ossification
endo- cartilage precursor
| intra- comes from mesenchyme
58
endochondral ossification
```
1- enlarging of chondrocytes for calcification
2- perichondrium formed
blood + nerves surr. bone
3- blood vessels penetrate
ossificaiton beings
4- medullary cavity is present
osteoclasts remove spongy bone
5- secondary ossif. occurs
6- epiphysis's develop
7- bone matures
articular cartilage dev.
```
59
intramembraneous ossification
```
1- osteoid tissue turns into mesenchyme
2- calcification of osteoid tissue
osteoblast entrapment
3- honeycomb of spongy bone dev. w/ periosteum
4- compact bone surr. spongy bone
```
60
sutures of the skull
```
coronal
sagittal
squamous
lambdoidal
occipitomastoid
```
61
coronal
btw frontal and parietal
62
sagittal
btw parietal and midline
63
squamous
squamous portion of temporal bone + parietal bone
64
lambdoidal
btw parietal + occipital
65
occipitomastoid
btw occipital bone and mastoid portion of temporal bone
66
fetal skull features
all fontanels
67
anterior fontanel
largest fontanel
68
sphenoidal fontanel
in btw sphenoid, frontal and parietal
69
posterior fontanel
btw occipital and parietal
70
mastoid fontanel
btw temporal, occipital + parietal
71
hyoid bone
in neck
| free floating/ u shaped
72
vomer
center divider of nose
73
nasal
2 sm oblong bones
| on bridge right btw eyes (where pinch nose if bloody)
74
zygomatic
forms angles of cheeks
| part of lateral walls
75
palatine
forms majority of hard pallette
| extension of maxilla (towards back of mouth)
76
lacrimal
form medial walls of e/ orbit (prt of each eye socket)
77
lacrimal fossa
depression that houses lacrimal sac
78
maxilla
forms upper jaw. meet at median intermaxillary suture (line divides top of mouth)
79
palatine process
L shape in posterior nasal cavity
80
infraorbital foramen
hole right below eyes
81
mandible
supports lower teeth
| attachmnt for muscles of facial expression
82
mandibular ramus
holds lower teeth in place
| vertical L shapes connected to mandible
83
condylar process
half circle shapes at the end of mandible
84
mandibular foramen
node just below condylar process
| allows nerve and blood vessels to reach lower teeth
85
coronoid process
teeth looking outcropping
| anterior branch of ramus
86
mental foramen
on anterior lateral surface of chin
87
alveolar process
ridges of teeth
88
ethmoid
anterior cranial bone btw eyes
89
cribriform plates
forms roof of nasal cavity
| horizontal
90
crista galli
median blade of cribriform
| point for dura mater attachmnt
91
nasal conchae
2 blades on the left and right of vomer/ perpendicular plate
92
sphenoid
irregular complex shape w/ lesser and greater wings
93
sella turcica
central pit of sphenoid
| houses pituitary gland
94
greater wings
extend off each side
95
optic canal
allows passage of optic nerve + ophthalmic artery
96
occipital
forms rear of skull and majority of base
97
foramen magnum
opening for spinal cord
98
occipital condyles
smooth knob where skull rests on vert. column
99
external protuberance
divot in skull for attachment of nuchal muscle
100
hypoglossal canal
edge of e/ condyle
101
temporal
lower wall and part of the floor of cranial cavity
102
zygomatic process
extends anteriorly to form part of cheek and mandibular fossa
103
external auditory meatus
ear canal
104
internal auditory meatus
inside hole of ear canal
105
styloid process
pointed spine inside ear canal
106
mastoid process
lump behind ear filled w/ ear sinuses
107
jugular foramen
irregular opening btw temporal and occipital bone
108
carotid canal
passage for internal carotid artery
109
parietal
cranial roof and walls
110
frontal
forehead, extends to coronal suture
111
zygomaticus major
raises upper lip for smiling
origin- zygomatic bone
insertion- angle of mouth (fibers of obicularius oris)
112
buccinator
compresses cheek into teeth for chewing
origin- maxilla and mandible
insertion- blends w/ muscles of orbicularis oris
113
orbicularius oris
puckers lips
origin- mandible/maxilla
insertion- lips
114
levator labii
opens lips
origin- zygomatic bone
insertion- upper lip
115
orbicularis oculi
closes eye in blinking, squinting and sleep
origin- frontal bone
insertion- lateral ligament on outer edge of eye
116
epicranius
raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
origin- occipital/ frontal
insertion- galea aponeurotic
117
atlas
first vertebra, supports head, no body
118
superior articular facet
concave prt that joins w/ occipital condyle of skull
119
transverse foramen
holes on either side
120
axis
second vertebrate that allows rotation, only one w/ dens
121
dens
prominent knob projects into vertebral foramen of atlas (main hole)
122
superior articular facet
round bowls on e/ side that point up towards dens
123
transverse foramen
small holes on side
124
cervical vertebrae
c3-c7
small oval body
only vertebrate below A1-A2 that has transverse foramen
125
thoracic vertebrate
```
T1-T12
four facets
medium body
LRG spinous process
no transverse processes
```
126
spinous process
point that extends into skin (oriented down)
| nose
127
superior/inferior costal facet
flat indentations on transverse processes closest to body
| point of attachment for head of rib
128
sacrum
bony plate that forms posterior part of pelvic girdle
129
median sacral crest
vertical bumps
130
posterior sacral foramen
holes on side w/ bumps
131
superior articular process
two outcroppings on top w/ facets where lumbar vert. attach
132
coccyx
tail bone, provides attachment for muscles of pelvic floor
133
sternum
breast bone, connected to ribs w/ cartilage
134
manubrium
wider top portion of sternum
135
body
shaft of sternum below manubrium and above xiphoid
136
ixphoid process
bottom of sternum
137
jugular notch
indentation at the top of the manubrium
138
sternal angle
line btw manubrium and body
139
ribs
"costal"
protect lungs
12 pairs
attached to sternum w/ cart.
140
true ribs
"vertebrosternal"
1-7
direct attachment
141
false ribs
"vertebrochondral"
8-10
no individual cart. attachment
142
floating ribs
"vertebral"
embedded in muscular tissue
11-12
no connection
143
rib head
knob at the end that fuses w/ vertebrae intercostal facets
144
rib body
rest of bone from tubercle down
145
tubercle
facet on rib that attaches to transverse costal facet of vertebrae
146
costal groove
line marks path of intercostal blood vessels + nerves
| on inside
147
costal cartilage
connects ribs to sternum
| allows mvmnt
148
first sternocostal- structure + mvmnt
structure- cartilaginous
| mvmnt- synarthrotic
149
sternocostal- structure and mvmnt
structure- synovial
| mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding
150
intervertebral- structure+ mvnt
btw vertebral bodies
structure- cartilaginous
mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding
151
intervertebral- structure + mvmnt
btw articular processes
structure- synovial
mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding
152
vertebrocostal- structure and mvmnt
structure- synovial
| mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding
153
sternocleidomastoid- origin, insertion + action
from sternum to mastoid process of skull
origin- manubrium of sternum
insertion- lateral aspect of mastoid process+ superior nuchal line
action- flexes laterally, rotates cervical spine
154
semispinalis capitis-origin, insertion + action
origin- Transverse processes of C7-T6
insertion- occipital bone
action- rotates neck/ head opposite sides
extension of head/ neck
155
splenius capitis- origin, insertion + action
origin- Spinous process T1-3, + nuchal ligament
insertion- sup. nuchal line of occip. + mastoid process of temporal bone
action- rotation of head/ neck to same side
extension of head and neck
156
external intercostal
point up and lateral of sternum
action- elevation of ribs in inhalation
origin- inferior border of rib
insertion- superior border of rib above
157
internal intercostal
point down and towards sternum
Depression of ribs during forced exhalation
origin- superior border of ribs
insertion- inferior border of rib above
158
diaphragm
primary muscle of inspiration
origin- costal (ribs 5-10) + costal cartilage
insertion-central tendon
159
rectus abdominis
abs
flexion of lumbar spine
origin- pubis
insertion- sternum (xiphoid process)
160
external obliques
outermost layer
contralateral rotation of torso
origin- ribs + costal cart. 5-12
insertion- linea alba
161
internal oblique
middle layer
compresses abdomen, rotates vertebral column by compression
origin- Ilium chrest
insertion- Linea alba
162
transerversus abdominis
innermost layer
compresses abdominal content
origin- Ilium chrest
insertion- linea alba
163
erector spinae group
runs along / over spine
extends and rotates head and spine
origin- longissimus
insertion- spinalis spinous processes
164
types of bone joints
bony
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
165
bony
immovable
gap btw bones ossifies and becomes one
comes w/ dev. of age
166
fibrous
bound w/ collagen
| inc. sutures, gomphosis and syndesmosis
167
suture
only occur in skull, not highly movable
168
gomphosis
for stress absorption
| secured by ligament
169
syndesmosis
bound w/ LONG collagenous fibers
| allows for more mvmnt
170
cartilaginous
cartilage linked
| synchondroses and symphyses
171
synchondroses
bound w/ hyaline
172
symphyses
bound w/ fibrocart.
173
synovial
bones covered w/ articular cart.
| enhanced joints
174
endochondral ossification zones-RPHOT
```
resting zone
proliferating zone
hypertrophic zone
ossification zone
trabecular bone
```
