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Anatomy & Physiology 101 > U2- Practical 2 > Flashcards

U2- Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

diaphysis

A

shaft of long bone

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2
Q

epiphysis

A

ends of long bone, increases SA for attachment

houses spongy bone

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3
Q

articular cartilage

A

surrounds ends of bones
hyaline cartilage
allows for lubrication of joints

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4
Q

epiphyseal plate/ line

A

growth plate

spot of metaphysis

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5
Q

medullary cavity

A

cavity houses bone marrow

spot for hematopoiesis

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6
Q

compact bone

A

outer shell of bones

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7
Q

spongy bone

A

permeated bone filled w/ bone marrow

found on inside of bones

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8
Q

trabeculae

A

lattice structure that composes spongy bone

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9
Q

osteon

A

basic unit of bone

central canal + lamellae

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10
Q

osteocyte

A

former osteoblast trapped in matrix deposited

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11
Q

central canal

A

center of concentric lamellae

where vasculature enters the bone

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12
Q

perforating canals

A

connect central canals w/ diagonal passages

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13
Q

concentric lamellae

A

layers of matrix circled around central canal

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14
Q

circumferential lamellae

A

lines boundaries of dense bone

hold broken down osteons

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15
Q

lacuna

A

house osteocytes

connected by canaliculi

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16
Q

canaliculi

A

channels connect conc. lamellae + lacunae

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17
Q

bone endosteum

A

reticular CT

lines internal marrow cavity, canal system and all spongy bone

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18
Q

bone periosteum

A

external sheath covering bones

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19
Q

perforating fibers (Sharpey’s)

A

connect Spongy bone (lamellae) to periosteum (outside sheath)

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20
Q

muscle fiber

A

single musc. cell

contains proteins filaments, multiple nuculi and smooth Er

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21
Q

endomysium

A

surr. e/ musc. fiber

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22
Q

epimysium

A

elastic sheath surr. whole muscle

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23
Q

muscle fascicle

A

bundle of musc. fiber

surr. by perimysium

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24
Q

perimysium

A

sheath surr. entire muscle fiber. makes Fascicle

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25
Q

tendon

A

fibrous collagenous tissue attaches bone to muscle

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26
Q

aponeurosis

A

envelope, bind or connect musc.

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27
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

never fiber meets target cell + target cell is a musc. cell

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28
Q

mvmnt- fibrous structure

A

synarthrosis. No mvmnt (fused) ex. skull

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29
Q

mvmnt- cartilaginous

A

amphiarthrosis. partcial mvmnt ex. spine

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30
Q

mvmnt- synovial

A

diathrosis. freely movable Ex. shoulder, elbow, ankle…

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31
Q

types of synovial joints (6)

A 
ball and socket
gliding
hinge
saddle
pivot
ellipsoidal
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32
Q

articular capsule

A

encloses joint cav.
retains syn. fluid
covered by fibrous capsule

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33
Q

synovial mem.

A

inside fibrous capsule

contains cells that secrete syn. fluid

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34
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cart.

covers ends of bones

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35
Q

joint cavity

A

divides cartilage and bone

contains syn fluid

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36
Q

burase

A

fibrous sac of syn fluid

btw muscles, where tendon passes over bone or btw bone and skin

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37
Q

ligaments

A

attaches bone to bone

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38
Q

Gliding joint

A

two sheets griding over e/ o/
ex. btw carpal bones
non-axial

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39
Q

hinge joint

A

like door
ex. elbow and knee
mono-axial

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40
Q

pivot joint

A

one part rotating around another
ex. axial vertebrate (first 2 verteb)
mono-axial

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41
Q

ellipsoidal joint

A 
vertical twisting (like grounding powder in chem)
ex. joint btw carpal and metacarpal
biaxial
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42
Q

saddle joint

A

u shaped depression w/ lateral mvmnt
ex. sternum- clavical joint
biaxial

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43
Q

ball and socket joint

A

has circumdifcial mvmnt
ex. hips and shoulder
triaxial

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44
Q

flexion

A

reducing angle

ex. moving forearm towards body at 90 degree angle

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45
Q

extension

A

creating larger angle

ex. straightening forearm away body at 90 degree angle

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46
Q

abduction

A

away from the body

ex. legs swings laterally

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47
Q

adduction

A

towards the body

ex. arms move towards midline

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48
Q

rotation

A

bone spins on longitudinal axis

ex. turning ankle left and right

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49
Q

lateral flexion

A

Ex. left and right at waist

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50
Q

protraction

A

anterior mvmnt in horizontal plane

ex. pushing chin out

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51
Q

retraction

A

posterior mvmnt in horiz. plane

ex. pushing chin into neck (double chin)

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52
Q

circumduction

A

one end of appendage is stationary, while other rotates

ex. shoulder exercises

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53
Q

L rotation

A

head and chest turn right

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54
Q

R rotation

A

head and chest turn left

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55
Q

dorsiflexion

A

lift toes up

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56
Q

plantarflexion

A

toes down

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57
Q

endochondral oss. vs intramembranous ossification

A

endo- cartilage precursor

intra- comes from mesenchyme

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58
Q

endochondral ossification

A 
1- enlarging of chondrocytes for calcification
2- perichondrium formed
       blood + nerves surr. bone
3- blood vessels penetrate
       ossificaiton beings
4- medullary cavity is present
        osteoclasts remove spongy bone
5- secondary ossif. occurs
6- epiphysis's develop
7- bone matures
           articular cartilage dev.
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59
Q

intramembraneous ossification

A 
1- osteoid tissue turns into mesenchyme
2- calcification of osteoid tissue
          osteoblast entrapment
3- honeycomb of spongy bone dev. w/ periosteum
4- compact bone surr. spongy bone
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60
Q

sutures of the skull

A 
coronal 
sagittal
squamous
lambdoidal
occipitomastoid
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61
Q

coronal

A

btw frontal and parietal

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62
Q

sagittal

A

btw parietal and midline

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63
Q

squamous

A

squamous portion of temporal bone + parietal bone

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64
Q

lambdoidal

A

btw parietal + occipital

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65
Q

occipitomastoid

A

btw occipital bone and mastoid portion of temporal bone

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66
Q

fetal skull features

A

all fontanels

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67
Q

anterior fontanel

A

largest fontanel

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68
Q

sphenoidal fontanel

A

in btw sphenoid, frontal and parietal

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69
Q

posterior fontanel

A

btw occipital and parietal

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70
Q

mastoid fontanel

A

btw temporal, occipital + parietal

71
Q

hyoid bone

A

in neck

free floating/ u shaped

72
Q

vomer

A

center divider of nose

73
Q

nasal

A

2 sm oblong bones

on bridge right btw eyes (where pinch nose if bloody)

74
Q

zygomatic

A

forms angles of cheeks

part of lateral walls

75
Q

palatine

A

forms majority of hard pallette

extension of maxilla (towards back of mouth)

76
Q

lacrimal

A

form medial walls of e/ orbit (prt of each eye socket)

77
Q

lacrimal fossa

A

depression that houses lacrimal sac

78
Q

maxilla

A

forms upper jaw. meet at median intermaxillary suture (line divides top of mouth)

79
Q

palatine process

A

L shape in posterior nasal cavity

80
Q

infraorbital foramen

A

hole right below eyes

81
Q

mandible

A

supports lower teeth

attachmnt for muscles of facial expression

82
Q

mandibular ramus

A

holds lower teeth in place

vertical L shapes connected to mandible

83
Q

condylar process

A

half circle shapes at the end of mandible

84
Q

mandibular foramen

A

node just below condylar process

allows nerve and blood vessels to reach lower teeth

85
Q

coronoid process

A

teeth looking outcropping

anterior branch of ramus

86
Q

mental foramen

A

on anterior lateral surface of chin

87
Q

alveolar process

A

ridges of teeth

88
Q

ethmoid

A

anterior cranial bone btw eyes

89
Q

cribriform plates

A

forms roof of nasal cavity

horizontal

90
Q

crista galli

A

median blade of cribriform

point for dura mater attachmnt

91
Q

nasal conchae

A

2 blades on the left and right of vomer/ perpendicular plate

92
Q

sphenoid

A

irregular complex shape w/ lesser and greater wings

93
Q

sella turcica

A

central pit of sphenoid

houses pituitary gland

94
Q

greater wings

A

extend off each side

95
Q

optic canal

A

allows passage of optic nerve + ophthalmic artery

96
Q

occipital

A

forms rear of skull and majority of base

97
Q

foramen magnum

A

opening for spinal cord

98
Q

occipital condyles

A

smooth knob where skull rests on vert. column

99
Q

external protuberance

A

divot in skull for attachment of nuchal muscle

100
Q

hypoglossal canal

A

edge of e/ condyle

101
Q

temporal

A

lower wall and part of the floor of cranial cavity

102
Q

zygomatic process

A

extends anteriorly to form part of cheek and mandibular fossa

103
Q

external auditory meatus

A

ear canal

104
Q

internal auditory meatus

A

inside hole of ear canal

105
Q

styloid process

A

pointed spine inside ear canal

106
Q

mastoid process

A

lump behind ear filled w/ ear sinuses

107
Q

jugular foramen

A

irregular opening btw temporal and occipital bone

108
Q

carotid canal

A

passage for internal carotid artery

109
Q

parietal

A

cranial roof and walls

110
Q

frontal

A

forehead, extends to coronal suture

111
Q

zygomaticus major

A

raises upper lip for smiling
origin- zygomatic bone
insertion- angle of mouth (fibers of obicularius oris)

112
Q

buccinator

A

compresses cheek into teeth for chewing
origin- maxilla and mandible
insertion- blends w/ muscles of orbicularis oris

113
Q

orbicularius oris

A

puckers lips
origin- mandible/maxilla
insertion- lips

114
Q

levator labii

A

opens lips
origin- zygomatic bone
insertion- upper lip

115
Q

orbicularis oculi

A

closes eye in blinking, squinting and sleep
origin- frontal bone
insertion- lateral ligament on outer edge of eye

116
Q

epicranius

A

raises eyebrows, wrinkles forehead
origin- occipital/ frontal
insertion- galea aponeurotic

117
Q

atlas

A

first vertebra, supports head, no body

118
Q

superior articular facet

A

concave prt that joins w/ occipital condyle of skull

119
Q

transverse foramen

A

holes on either side

120
Q

axis

A

second vertebrate that allows rotation, only one w/ dens

121
Q

dens

A

prominent knob projects into vertebral foramen of atlas (main hole)

122
Q

superior articular facet

A

round bowls on e/ side that point up towards dens

123
Q

transverse foramen

A

small holes on side

124
Q

cervical vertebrae

A

c3-c7
small oval body
only vertebrate below A1-A2 that has transverse foramen

125
Q

thoracic vertebrate

A 
T1-T12
four facets
medium body
LRG spinous process
no transverse processes
126
Q

spinous process

A

point that extends into skin (oriented down)

nose

127
Q

superior/inferior costal facet

A

flat indentations on transverse processes closest to body

point of attachment for head of rib

128
Q

sacrum

A

bony plate that forms posterior part of pelvic girdle

129
Q

median sacral crest

A

vertical bumps

130
Q

posterior sacral foramen

A

holes on side w/ bumps

131
Q

superior articular process

A

two outcroppings on top w/ facets where lumbar vert. attach

132
Q

coccyx

A

tail bone, provides attachment for muscles of pelvic floor

133
Q

sternum

A

breast bone, connected to ribs w/ cartilage

134
Q

manubrium

A

wider top portion of sternum

135
Q

body

A

shaft of sternum below manubrium and above xiphoid

136
Q

ixphoid process

A

bottom of sternum

137
Q

jugular notch

A

indentation at the top of the manubrium

138
Q

sternal angle

A

line btw manubrium and body

139
Q

ribs

A

“costal”
protect lungs
12 pairs
attached to sternum w/ cart.

140
Q

true ribs

A

“vertebrosternal”
1-7
direct attachment

141
Q

false ribs

A

“vertebrochondral”
8-10
no individual cart. attachment

142
Q

floating ribs

A

“vertebral”
embedded in muscular tissue
11-12
no connection

143
Q

rib head

A

knob at the end that fuses w/ vertebrae intercostal facets

144
Q

rib body

A

rest of bone from tubercle down

145
Q

tubercle

A

facet on rib that attaches to transverse costal facet of vertebrae

146
Q

costal groove

A

line marks path of intercostal blood vessels + nerves

on inside

147
Q

costal cartilage

A

connects ribs to sternum

allows mvmnt

148
Q

first sternocostal- structure + mvmnt

A

structure- cartilaginous

mvmnt- synarthrotic

149
Q

sternocostal- structure and mvmnt

A

structure- synovial

mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding

150
Q

intervertebral- structure+ mvnt

A

btw vertebral bodies
structure- cartilaginous
mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding

151
Q

intervertebral- structure + mvmnt

A

btw articular processes
structure- synovial
mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding

152
Q

vertebrocostal- structure and mvmnt

A

structure- synovial

mvmnt- diathrotic/ gliding

153
Q

sternocleidomastoid- origin, insertion + action

A

from sternum to mastoid process of skull
origin- manubrium of sternum
insertion- lateral aspect of mastoid process+ superior nuchal line
action- flexes laterally, rotates cervical spine

154
Q

semispinalis capitis-origin, insertion + action

A

origin- Transverse processes of C7-T6
insertion- occipital bone
action- rotates neck/ head opposite sides
extension of head/ neck

155
Q

splenius capitis- origin, insertion + action

A

origin- Spinous process T1-3, + nuchal ligament
insertion- sup. nuchal line of occip. + mastoid process of temporal bone
action- rotation of head/ neck to same side
extension of head and neck

156
Q

external intercostal

A

point up and lateral of sternum
action- elevation of ribs in inhalation
origin- inferior border of rib
insertion- superior border of rib above

157
Q

internal intercostal

A

point down and towards sternum
Depression of ribs during forced exhalation
origin- superior border of ribs
insertion- inferior border of rib above

158
Q

diaphragm

A

primary muscle of inspiration
origin- costal (ribs 5-10) + costal cartilage
insertion-central tendon

159
Q

rectus abdominis

A

abs
flexion of lumbar spine
origin- pubis
insertion- sternum (xiphoid process)

160
Q

external obliques

A

outermost layer
contralateral rotation of torso
origin- ribs + costal cart. 5-12
insertion- linea alba

161
Q

internal oblique

A

middle layer
compresses abdomen, rotates vertebral column by compression
origin- Ilium chrest
insertion- Linea alba

162
Q

transerversus abdominis

A

innermost layer
compresses abdominal content
origin- Ilium chrest
insertion- linea alba

163
Q

erector spinae group

A

runs along / over spine
extends and rotates head and spine
origin- longissimus
insertion- spinalis spinous processes

164
Q

types of bone joints

A

bony
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

165
Q

bony

A

immovable
gap btw bones ossifies and becomes one
comes w/ dev. of age

166
Q

fibrous

A

bound w/ collagen

inc. sutures, gomphosis and syndesmosis

167
Q

suture

A

only occur in skull, not highly movable

168
Q

gomphosis

A

for stress absorption

secured by ligament

169
Q

syndesmosis

A

bound w/ LONG collagenous fibers

allows for more mvmnt

170
Q

cartilaginous

A

cartilage linked

synchondroses and symphyses

171
Q

synchondroses

A

bound w/ hyaline

172
Q

symphyses

A

bound w/ fibrocart.

173
Q

synovial

A

bones covered w/ articular cart.

enhanced joints

174
Q

endochondral ossification zones-RPHOT

A 
resting zone
proliferating zone
hypertrophic zone
ossification zone
trabecular bone

Anatomy & Physiology 101 (12 decks)

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