Practical 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomical Planes- Sagittal
A
Divides body into L & R
passes vertically through body
2
Q
Anatomical Planes- Frontal
A
Divides body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front)
3
Q
Anatomical Planes- Transverse
A
Divides body into top and bottom- perpendicular to sagittal
4
Q
Divides body into top and bottom- perpendicular to sagittal
A
Anatomical Planes- Transverse
5
Q
Divides body into dorsal (back) and ventral (front)
A
Anatomical Planes- Frontal
6
Q
Divides body into L & R
passes vertically through body
A
Anatomical Planes- Sagittal
7
Q
Dorsal
A
back
8
Q
Ventral
A
front
9
Q
Superior
A
above, toward the head
10
Q
inferior
A
below, towards the feet
11
Q
Medial
A
towards midline of body
12
Q
lateral
A
side of body or body part that is farthest from the midline
13
Q
dorsal
A
towards the back of the body
14
Q
ventral
A
towards the front of the body
15
Q
distal
A
farther from the point of attachment
16
Q
proximal
A
closest to the point of attachment
17
Q
posterior
A
towards the back
18
Q
anterior
A
towards the front
19
Q
back
A
dorsal or posterior
20
Q
front
A
ventral of anterior
21
Q
superficial
A
closer to the surface of the body
22
Q
deep
A
further into the body away from the surface
23
Q
ipsilateral
A
belonging to or occurring on the same side of the body
24
Q
contralateral
A
belonging to or occurring on the opposite side of the body
25
axial
head, neck and trunk
26
appendicular
upper and lower limbs, extremities
27
cephalic
combo of head regions
28
cranial
upper part of head
29
facial
lower part of head
30
frontal
forehead
31
buccal
cheek
32
cervical
neck
33
thoracic
chest (incl. sternal + pectoral)
34
abdominal
stomach
35
pelvic
bony pelvis, pelvic cavity, pelvic floor and perineum
36
sternal
upper chest
37
axillary
armpit
38
acromial
shoulder
39
brachial
upper arm
40
antecubital
front of elbow
41
antebracial
lower forearm
42
carpal
wrist
43
palmar
palm
44
digital
fingers/toes
45
inguinal
groin region
46
pubic
pubic region, incl genitalia
47
femoral
upper thigh
48
coxal
hip bone (made of ilium, ischium and pubis)
49
patellar
knee
50
crural
lower leg (below knee)
51
tarsal
ankle
52
pedal
foot
53
occipital
anterior base of skull
54
scapular
scapula
55
manual
back of elbow
56
scaral
sacrum (connects to tailbone)
57
gluteal
buttocks
58
perineal
surface region btw pubic symphysis and coccyx
59
popliteal
back of knee
60
calcaneal
heel
61
plantar
sole of foot
62
cardiovascular organ system
Distribution of nutrients
| acid base balance
63
digestive organ system
```
nutrient breakdown and absorption
liver functions...
regulate metabolism
synth. of plasma proteins
filters toxins/ blood
```
64
endocrine organ system
hormone production
| internal chem. communication
65
integumentary organ system
```
protection
water retention
thermoregulation
cutaneous sensation
vitamin D synthesis
```
66
lymphatic/ immune organ system
recovery excess tissue fluid
detection of pathogens
production of immune cells
67
muscular organ system
movmnt
stability
heat production
68
nervous organ system
rapid internal comm.
coordination
motor control
sensation
69
reproductive organ system (female)
production of eggs
site of fetal dev. + nourishment
site of birth
lactation synthesis
70
reproductive organ system (male)
production / delivery of sperm
| secretion of sex hormones
71
respiratory organ system
absorption of o2
discharge of co2
acid base balance
speech
72
skeletal organ system
support, mvmnt
mineral storage
blood formation
protective enclosure of viscera (organs)
73
urinary/ excretory organ system
```
elimination of waste
regulation of blood vol + pressure
blood detoxification
stimulation of RBC formation
control of electrolyte flow
```
74
heart + blood vessels
cardiovascular
75
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, sm + lrg intestines, liver, gallbladder + pancreas
digestive
76
Thyroid gland, Pituitary gland, Pineal gland, Parathyroid gland, Thymus, Adrenal glands, Pancreas, Testes + Ovaries
endocrine
77
Skin
Hair/ Nails
Ataneous glands
integumentary
78
skeletal muscles
muscular
79
Brain
Spinal Column
Nerves
Ganglia
nervous
80
Ovaries, Falopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, + Mammary glands
reproductive- female
81
Testes, Epididymides, Spermatic ducts, Seminal vesicles, Prostate gland + Penis
reproductive- male
82
Nose
Pharnyx + Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi + Lungs
respiratory
83
Bones
Cartilage
Ligaments
skeletal
84
Kidneys
Uterus
Urinary bladder
Urethra
urinary/ excretory
85
Phases of Mitosis (IPMAT)
```
interphase
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telephase
```
86
interphase
cell performs reg. functions
| copies its DNA
87
prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes
centrioles make spindle fibers
(can pick out defined lines in big nucleus)
88
metaphase
cell's chromosomes align on middle of metaphase plate
89
anaphase
chromosomes break apart (pulled by spindle fibers anchored at opposite poles of the cell)
90
telophase
cell begins to cleave
2 daughter nuclei form
membrane forms around chromosomes
91
concentration gradient
difference in chem. concentration btw one point and another
92
filtration
mvmnt of H2O through a SPM due to hydrostatic pressure (force of gravity)
93
diffusion
net mvmnt particles from high concen. to low concen.
94
passive transport
mvmnt of particles across cell mem. w/out energy input
95
osmosis
net flow of water through SPM
| from area high concen. to area low concen.
96
facilitated diffusion
carrier-mediated transport of solute through mem. and down concent. gradient
97
phagocytosis
"cell eater"
| consumes cellular debris, dirt and bacteria
98
hypertonic
consumes water
| concen. of NP solutes< intracellular fluid
99
hyptonic
repels water and shrivels (crenate)
| concen. of NP solutes> intracellular fluid
100
isotonic
concen. of NP solutes = intracellular fluid
101
active transport
transport of particles through SPM and up concen. gradient
| w/ aid of carrier powered on ATP
102
Primary categories of tissues
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscular
103
functions of Epithelial tissues
```
secretion
excretion
absorption
structure
filtration
protection
sensation
```
104
shapes of epith. (3)
squamous
cuboidal
columnar
105
arrangements of epith (3)
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
106
types of Cell junctions
tight
desmosomes
gap
107
tight junction
encircles cells to connect them
| make closed gate w/ proteins
108
desmosome junction
snaps cells together so they don't separate
| can't prevent mol. mvmnt through cell
109
gap junction
formed by connexon
used for solute transportation
(flower structure)
110
connexon
transmem. protein ring
111
Simple gland
single unbranched duct
112
compound duct
branched duct
113
acinar
secretory cells form dilated sac
114
tubular
if branch diameter = secretion tube
115
serous
produce watery / thin fluids
| milk/ digestive fluid
116
mucous
secrete mucin
117
mucin
absorbs h20 and makes mucus
118
types of glandular secretion
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine
119
merocrine
release by exocytosis
120
apocrine
bud secretions off through plasma mem.
121
holocrine
release by accumulate product + explode
122
Four primary membranes
cutaneous
mucous
serous
endothelium
123
cutaneous
(skin)
| resists dehydration
124
mucous
lines passages open to exterior environment
| mouth, lungs and stomach
125
serous
produce watery serous fluid
lines body cavaities
(pelvic, and abdominal)
126
endothelium
compose circulatory system
| tunica interna of blood vessels and endocardium of heart
127
simple squamous location+ function
alveoli of lungs
| rapid diffusion or transportation of substances through mem.
128
simple cuboidal location and function
majority of glands (adrenal and pituitary)
| absorption
129
simple columnar location and function
the lining of intestines
| secretion of mucus
130
stratified squamous keratinized fun. and location
plams and soles
| resist abrasion + dehydration
131
stratified squamous non-ker. function and location
tongue or esophagus
| resists abrasion and pathogen penetration
132
pseudostratified epithelium
ONLY ONE W/ CILLIA
respir. tract
secretes and propels mucus
133
precursor to CT
mesenchyme
134
functions of CT
```
storage
support
transport
immune protection
heat production
```
135
Three aspects in all CT
cells
fibers
ground substance
136
matrix
ground substance + fibers
137
Branches of CT
Loose, Dense, Cartilage and Other
138
Loose CT parts
areolar, reticular, adipose
139
Dense CT parts
regular and irregular
140
Cartilage parts
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
141
"Other" branch parts
Bone
| Blood
142
areolar
surround blood vessels
| fun- allows passage of nerves and blood through tissue
143
reticular
fun- structural support for organs
| found in kidney or spleen
144
adipose
```
fun- long term energy storage
heat generation (brown fat)
surrounds organs and in dermis
```
145
dense regular
found in tendons and ligaments
| resistance to forces pulling along a single axis (movement)
146
dense irregular
fun- expand in all directions
(allow for diff. concentration gradients)
found in arteries
147
hyaline cartilage
holds open airway and eases joint function
| found at end of long bones
148
elastic cartilage
fun- flexible and elastic support for mvmnt
| found in external ear
149
fibrocartilage
absorbs shock and resists compression in joints for mvmnt (jumping)
intervertebral discs
150
Blood
fun- transport of nutrients and CO2
| found in blood vessels and veins
151
Bones
fun- store calcium and support
| attached to tendons
152
Epithelial v Connective Tissue differences
ep- for secretion and absorption/ protection
ct- for support, and storage
ep- thinner and less diverse
ct- most abundant and highly diverse
ep- lumen
ct- no lumen
ep- has cilia and can be keratinized
ct- no basal and apical surface
153
fibers in CT
elastic
reticular
collagenous
154
Ground substance in CT (made of)
water and carbohydrate molecules
155
cells in CT
macrophages
plasma cells
fibroblasts...
