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Underperformance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the targets with regards to serving heifers?

A

Calving at 24m
Service at 15m
Weight 375kg
Height 132kg

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2
Q

What is the calving score?

A 
0- no hand touches calf
1- hand touches but no rope
2- rope used, gentle pull
3- rope used, hard pull
4- C/S
Aim: <15% heifer
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3
Q

What is the live birth rate? Target?

A

% calves born alive and survive for 24hours

Aim: cow 97%, heifer 92%

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4
Q

How much colostrum should the newborn calf consume within 1st 12hr?

A

6L in first 12 hr. 6 pints in first 6hr. Absorption better when suckled from dam or consumed in dams presence.

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5
Q

If human intervention requirement what are the important factors of colostrum management in newborn calves?

A

2L within 1hr, 2L within 6hr, 2L within next 6hr. Collect from 1st and 2nd milkings, stainless steel bottle, check quality with colostrometer. Refrigerate 4’C for 24hr, freeze immediately, thaw in warm water

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6
Q

How can you monitor colostral intakes?

A

Blood sample healthy calves 2-7d. Take cltted red top tube for serum. Use refractometer or send to lab for TP or more reliably ZST (excl globulins)
TP- 55g/l or 5.5g/dl

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7
Q

Why could the TP of a sick calf be unreable indicator of colostrum intake?

A

E.g. if losing protein

Or if dehydrated- falsely increased

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8
Q

What is CMR and how much is required?

A

Calf milk replacer
125g/l. 2L bid
125 x 2 x 2= 0.5kg/d
Cold weather require more e.g. 2.5L/d

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9
Q

What is best practice with regards to concentrate feeding in calves?

A

Maximise calf concentrate intake by time of weaning. Must not be starved into eating concentrates. Keep it fresh, at least bid, clean out bucket and don’t let it accumulate. Guideline 1kg/d at weaning

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10
Q

What are the targets and interference levels for fertility indexes in cows?

A

Calving index- 365 (T), >380d (I)
Earliest service date- 50d (T), 75d (I)
Calving- 1st service interval- 65d (T), >75d (I)
Calving-conception interval- 85d (T), >95d (I)
Conception rate: first service- 60 (T), <50% (I)

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11
Q

What are the in calf/ not in calf rates and their targets?

A

120d in calf- % of cows pregnant at 120d post calving, >64%

210d not in calf rate- % cows not pregnant 210d post calving, <7%

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12
Q

What factors need to be considered with regards to milk? What conditions could be causing deficiencies?

A

Low MY
Fat- acidosis- SARA
Protein- long term energy deficiency- may be suitable ration but not suitable management e.g. trough space, palatability, silage face management, heating

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13
Q

How is reproductive performance measured in pigs?

A

Pigs/sow/yr- 24-26

Incl litter size (~14), no of litters (2.3), pre weaning mortaility (5-8%)

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14
Q

What is the killing out percentage in pigs?

A

Weight of the carcase in relation to the live weight immediately prior to slaughter.

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15
Q

What is the killing out weight for pigs in UK?

A

90kg- therefore boar taint not usually an issue as havent reached puberty. Therefore don’t have to castrate

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16
Q

What is the avg days to slaughter in UK pig production and what factors are involved?

A

~6m. Food conversion vs cost of feed (55% of production costs). Overhead costs. Faster doesn’t necc mean cheaper. Growth of pigs follows sigmoid curve- lag phase, exponential phase, stationary phase. Kill out just before stationary phase

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17
Q

What is phase feeding in the pig industry?

A

Matching requirements to stage of growth. Should support lean growth potential at least cost- amount of protein relative to energy should be reduced w/ incr liveweight (expensive and excess just excreted in urine as get older)

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18
Q

How does the amount of protein fed impact pigs?

A

Under-supply- fail to exploit lean growth potential

Over-supply- reduce growth and incr Nitrogen excretion

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19
Q

What is the feed conversion efficiency in pig industry?

A

Weight of food that goes into pig for every kg produced. Impact on carbon footprint and greenhouse gases

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20
Q

What are the mortality targets in the pig industry?

A

Pre weaning mortality- 5-8% (10% interference)
Post-weaning mortality- 3-5%, before PCV-2 was about 2%
Adult mortality- 1% (doesn’t incl culls)

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21
Q

How is carcase quality of pigs graded?

A

Depth of back fat at abbatoir

Lean meat %. P1 and P3% and calf avg or P2%.

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22
Q

How does parity affect litter size?

A

Lower parity don’t produce as many pigs/litter

Culling rate- would hope about 40%

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23
Q

How do you measure underperformance in the UK pig industry?

A

Feed/ weight
Output- weight and days to slaughter
Abattoir payments
Herd monitoring/ recording programme

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24
Q

How is productivity measured?

A

Total value of outputs per unit time/ total value of inputs per unit time

25
What is the region of rational production?
Defined by relationship between input and output. Region is before an incr in input results in a decrease in output
26
What is the technical vs economic optimum and how are they related?
Technical optimum- max amount of production Economic optimum- maximum profit The lower the unit price of an input relative to an output the closer the technical and economic optimums are.
27
Which diseases of pigs are identified in the lungs at the abattoir?
Enzootic pneumonia Pleuropneumonia like Viral type distribution
28
Which diseases of pigs are identified in the liver at the abattoir?
Milk spot | Hepatic scarring
29
Which diseases are identified in the cavities at the abattoir?
Pericarditis Peritonitis Pleurisy
30
What is the impact of disease on pig production?
Financial- tx, vaccine, vet, mortalities | Reduced FCE, suboptimal growth, 2ry infection
31
Which diseases should be considered in the neonate, weaner, grower in pig production?
Neonate - E Coli, cocci, PRRS, PED Weaner- resp eg APP, EP Finisher- late onset PCV-2
32
What is the presentation of PRRS?
Multiple ages affected: abortions, incr pre weaning mortality, resp dz in growers. Circulating in UK but not high pathogenic strain
33
What is the impact of PRRS on pig production?
Decr p/s/y- litter size, no litters, pwm | Immunosuppressive, reduced markets to sell, boar stud shut down
34
What is PED?
Porcine epidemic d+- coronavirus (no cross protection from resp coronavirus). 100% mortality in neonates. Scour in other age w/ varying severity. Not in UK yet. Voluntary ban on import of live animals/ feed/ semen e.g. from US
35
What is mycoplasma Hyopneumoniae?
Consolidation of Cr lung lobes- mild cough. Endemic, often just accepted. But great economic impact- many lesions at slaughter,impact on trade. Weaned pigs, decr FCE, 2ry infection incr mortality.
36
How does PCV-2 impact on pig production?
Highly immunosuppressive. Vaccine doesn't create sterile immunity. Hides in BM so can escape normal immune mechanisms. Late onset- whole load just before slaughter dropping down dead. Much more impact than a dz at neonatal stage.
37
How does disease in adults impact the pig industry?
Boars- lack of sale of semen, closure of boar studs | Sows- repro failure, death, spread of dz
38
What is the basic structure of the meat bird system?
Breeding birds- egg> hatchery> day old chick> broiler fattening- young (0-20d), grower (21-30), finisher (31-45)
39
What is the basic structure of the table egg bird system?
Breeding birds- eggs> hatchery> day old chick> rearing (0-20wk), pullet to layer system, laying hen (21-55wk)> table egg
40
What is the process of egg pruction by bird repro tract?
Produced in ovary. As travel down oviduct egg white (albumen) added, then shell membranes added, then shell added, then bloom added, then laid through vent
41
What are signs of underperformance in the egg producing poultry industry?
Reduction of egg nos/ size compared to breed standard, incr sub standard eggs, higher than normal hen mortality, reductions in profit
42
What factors influence poor egg production?
Poor rearing, poor environment/ management, poor nutrition, dz
43
How do you assess production in rearing birds (0-16wks)?
``` Daily feed and water intake Daily mortality/ culls Weekly bird weights- skeletal development in first 6 wks, gut in wks 9-12 Even flock Variation from breed standard ```
44
What hx should you gain when assessing poor production in rearing poultry?
``` Chick factors- breeder flock, vaccines Day old management Temp/ humidity Feed/ water quality/ quantity Mortality/ cull figures Biosecurity risks ```
45
What clinical signs should you observe when assessing poor production in rearing poultry?
``` Shed environment, temp, humidity Chick appearance- hunched, quiet, lively Bunching/ huddling, spread out Morbidity Feeding/ drinking habits Litter quality, faeces ```
46
What diagnostic sampling techniques can be used when assessing poultry performance?
PME- select poor moribund birds. Sample for histopathology Parasitology- coccidiosis Bacteriology- yolk sac infection Serology- viral infections
47
What factors indicate poor performance in layer hens?
Reduced egg nos and size Incr nos of rejections/ 2nds Incr mortality
48
What hx should be taken to investigate poor performance in layers?
Production %, egg quality, no and types of 2nds, total mortality in last 7d Ages on site, vaccination, bodyweights, lighting/ ventilation, power/ nest box failures Feed source, changes. Water provided and consumed Other avian sp on farm, free range, fly rodent mite control, predators and other stressors Tx, products used
49
What clinical signs should you look at when assessing underperformance in layers?
Activity, noise, feathering, aggression, pale folded combs and wattles, sneezing, snickering, discharge, faeces Air quality, ventilation, temp, lighter, feeder/ drinker access, perching, litter quality
50
What are the egg indicators of poor performance in layers?
Misshaped- IB, stress (10-14h before lay) Ca splash- in shell gland too long, stress at lay, pullets Rough shelled- 2 eggs in oviduct Soft shelled- older flock, in tract too long, Ca supply, IB etc
51
What are the common diseases in layer hens?
Viral- IB, ART Bacterial- mycoplasma gallisepticum, m.synoviae, bracyspira, e.coli, p.multocida, e.rhusiopathae Protozoal- blackhead, coccidiosis Parasitic- internal (worms), external (red mite)
52
How does mycoplasma gallisepticum?
Coughing. Nasal/ ocular discharges. Airsacculitis. Pericarditis. Poor productivity- egg drop. High mortality. Catarrhal inflamm.
53
What are the common diseases in rearers?
IB Infectious bursal disease Coccidiosis Mareks Dz
54
What is infectious bronchitis?
Loss of appetite, coughing, sneezing, snickering, wet litter/ d+, 2ry infections. Oviduct damage, renal damage. Can lead to egg peritontis, Caused by coronavirus.
55
What is infectious bursal dz?
Birds at 5 wks most severely infection (time of develpment of bursa of B lymphocytes). Causes immunosuppression. Spread by fomites and in faeces etc, highly contagious. Survives well in environment. High morbidity and mortality. Incubation period 2-3d, excretion by bird about 2wks.
56
What are the 7 sp of coccidiosis which cause dz in chickens and what is their relative pathogenicity?
``` In broilers up to +/- 6 wks: Tenella- highly pathogenic Acervulina- medium Maxima- medium Praecox- low Mitis- low Older chicken, 2 more: Brunetti- high Necatrix- high ```
57
What is Mareks dz?
a-herpes virus. Affects chickens from around 6 weeks of age. CS normally around 12-24wks. Incubation varies from weeks to months. Several forms seen- visceral, cutaneous, neurological
58
What are the common diseases in broilers?
Campylobacter!!

PMVPH (4 decks)

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