Unit 0

Question 1

Operational definiton

Answer 1

-Quantifiable definition of a variable
-allows for replication

Question 2

Population

Answer 2

Everyone a research could apply to

Question 3

Sample

Answer 3

People chosen for a study

Question 4

Correlation

Answer 4

-identifies relationships between variables
-does NOT equal causation
-directionality issue - which variable causes the other??
-3rd confounding variable?

Question 5

Experiment

Answer 5

manipulation of variables to determine cause/effect

Question 6

Placebo effect

Answer 6

Results caused bby expectations alone

Question 7

Double-Blind

Answer 7

Neither the participants nor the experimenter are aware of which group received which condition

Question 8

Single-Blind

Answer 8

-Only participant-blind
-Used when experimenter cant be blind

Question 9

Random Assignment

Answer 9

Random selection of which participants will be in the experimental group vs control group

Question 10

Random Sampling

Answer 10

Random selection of participants for a study (increases generalizability)

Question 11

Naturalistic Observation

Answer 11

Observing natural behavior without manipulation

Question 12

Case Study

Answer 12

Examines one person or group in detail

Question 13

Meta-analysis

Answer 13

Combines multiple studies

Question 14

p-value

Answer 14

-aka probability value
-measurement of how likely it is that the data occurred by chance (if p<0.05 or 5%, the study is statistically significant)

Question 15

IRB ethical guidelines

Answer 15

Informed Consent, Deception, Coercion, Anonymity, Risk, Debriefing

Question 16

Behavioral perspective

Answer 16

-How we learn observable responses
-Rewards/punishments, modeling/imitating, conditioning

Question 17

Cognitive perspective

Answer 17

-How we encode, process, store, and retrieve info
-decision-making, problem-solving

Question 18

Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic perspective

Answer 18

-How behavior springs from UNCONSCIOUS drives
-repressed childhood trauma

Question 19

Humanistic perspective

Answer 19

-How we achieve personal growth and fulfillment
-free will, self-concept

Question 20

Biological perspective

Answer 20

How the body, brain, genes, and environment enables emotions

Question 21

Sociocultural perspective

Answer 21

How behavior and thinking vary across cultures and societies

Question 22

Evolutionary perspective

Answer 22

-How natural selection and evolution has promoted the survival of genes and behavior tendencies
-Pre-programmed, adaptive

Question 23

Hindsight bias

Answer 23

“I knew it all along”

Question 24

Confirmation bias

Answer 24

Looking only at info that is consistent with one’s beliefs

Question 25

Social desirability

Answer 25

Lying to look good

Question 26

Sampling bias

Answer 26

Sample is not representative of the population

Question 27

Hawthorne effect

Answer 27

people change behavior when watched

Question 28

Illusory correlation

Answer 28

-Perceiving a relationship when none exists -fed by "regression to the mean"

Question 29

bell curve percentile rank

Answer 29

68% within 1 standard dev 95% within 2 99% within 3