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AP Psych > Unit 3 - learning & development > Flashcards

Unit 3 - learning & development Flashcards

(83 cards)

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1
Q

classical conditioning

A

involuntary learning by association of stimuli

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2
Q

acquisition

A

a neutral stimuli becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to trigger a response (classical conditioning)

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3
Q

UCS
UCR
CS
CR

A

UCS - unlearned stimulus, triggers an automatic response
UCR - natural, unlearned response
CS - neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with UCS
CR - learned behavior in response to a CS

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4
Q

extinction

A

gradual disappearance of a CR when the CS is no longer paired with the UCS

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5
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

random appearance of a CR after a period of extinction

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6
Q

generalization

A

tendency to have a CR to stimuli that are similar to the CS

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7
Q

discrimination

A

ability to differentiate btwn a CS and similar stimuli

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8
Q

higher order conditioning

A

an already established CS is paired with a new neutral stimulus to elicit the CR

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9
Q

counterconditioning

A

behavior therapy technique where a negative/undesirable response is replaced with a positive response

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10
Q

taste aversion

A

developing a dislike to food after having a negative experience with it

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11
Q

one-trial conditioning

A

when one pairing of stimuli results in a CR

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12
Q

biological preparedness

A

idea that organisms are predisposed to quickly learn associations w/ certain stimuli that enhance survival

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13
Q

habituation

A

decrease in response to a repeated stimulus

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14
Q

operant conditioning

A

learning process with rewards or punishments that follow behavior

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15
Q

positive reinforcement

A

adding a desirable stimulus after a behavior to increase that behavior

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16
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removing an undesirable stimulus after a behavior to increase that behavior

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17
Q

positive punishment

A

adding a negative stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior

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18
Q

negative punishment

A

removing a positive stimulus after a behavior to decrease that behavior

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19
Q

shaping

A

teaching through successive approximations (rewarding increasing closer steps)

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20
Q

instinctive drift

A

tendency for a learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns

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21
Q

continuous reinforcement

A

reinforcement for every correct behavior

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22
Q

partial reinforcement types

A

-fixed-ratio: pattern based on # of responses
-variable-ratio: no pattern, based on # of responses
-fixed-interval: pattern based on time
-variable-interval: no pattern, based on time

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23
Q

cross-sectional study

A

study of diff aged people at one point in time

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24
Q

longitudinal study

A

studies the same people over time

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25
social learning theory
learning through observation; modeling
26
vicarious conditioning
type of modeling when you someone get punished so you do not copy their behavior
27
latent learning
learning that is not shown until it is useful
28
cognitive maps
mental representations of locations
29
insight learning
sudden realization - "aha!" moment
30
teratogens
substances or factors that cause developmental malformations in a fetus
31
fine-motor coordination
precise control of small muscles
32
gross-motor coordination
coordinated movement of large muscle groups
33
rooting reflex
baby turns their head towards a touch on cheek to find food
34
sucking reflex
babies suck on anything placed in their mouth
35
Babinski reflex
a baby's toes spread when foot is touched
36
Visual cliff apparatus
visual illusion of a dangerous drop designed to test infants' depth perception --> proved they DO have depth perception
37
critical/sensitive period
biologically determined window during childhood to acquire a skill
38
imprinting
newborn animal forms a strong attachment to the first moving object they encounter during critical period
39
primary sex characteristics
body structures that make reproduction possible
40
secondary sex characteristics
non-reproductive sexual traits
41
menarche
first menstrual cycle - signals beginning of puberty
42
spermarche
first ejaculation - signals beginning of puberty
43
4 stages of development
(Stinkin Pigs Cant Fly) -sensorimotor: ages 0-2, develop 5 senses and object permanence* -preoperational: ages 2-7, plays pretend and develops animism, egocentrism, and mental symbols -concrete operational: ages 7-11, begins thinking logically formal operational: ages 11-12, deductive reasoning & problem solving
44
Zone of Proximal development and scaffolding
ZPD: range of abilities one can perform with guidance but not on their own scaffolding: teaching method of providing support and gradually reduces help
45
phonemes
smallest unit of sound (p, a, th)
46
morphemes
smallest unit of MEANINGFUL sound (ing, pre)
47
semantics
meaning of words and sentences
48
grammer
rules that govern how words are used
49
syntax
part of grammar that deals with word arrangement
50
cooing
first stage of language with vowel sounds like "oo" or "ah"
51
babling
stage where infants produce consonant-vowel sounds
52
one-word stage
child uses single words (ages 1-2)
53
telegraphic
communication with short phrases
54
overregularization
child's tendency to apply grammatical rules too broadly ("I goed" instead of "went")
55
microsystem
immediate environment
56
mesosystem
2 connected microsystems
57
exosysten
influences microsystem even though individual doesnt play an active role
58
macrosystem
social and cultural values
59
chronosystem
environmental changes
60
authoritarian parenting
controlling and demands obedience
61
authoritative parenting
best form of parenting - firm but loving
62
permissive-indifferent parenting (aka neglectful)
freedom but gives no attention --> trust issues
63
permissive indulgent parenting
full freedom and never says no
64
temperament
biological, innate traits that influence behavior
65
individualistic culture
individual emphasized over grouo
66
collectivist culture
group emphasized over individual
67
secure attachment
distress in parent's absence and comfort in return --> child becomes trusting with positive self-image
68
avoidant insecure attachment
infant appears to not care about caregiver
69
anxious insecure attachment
always distressed and moody (w/ or w/out parents)
70
disorganized insecure attachment
inconsistent behavior w/ caregiver
71
separation anxiety
normal distress experienced by young children when away from caregiver
72
What did Harry Harlow''s study prove?
the importance of "contact comfort" (monkeys prefered cloth over wire that provided food)
73
parallel play
children will play similar activities alongside each other w/out actually interacting
74
imaginary audience
belief of adolescents that everyone is always watching them --> self-consciousness
75
personal fable
adolescent belief that they are completely unique
76
social clock
culturally established normas for the "right age" for life events
77
psychosocial conflict
mental struggle from competing internal desires and social expectations
78
Erik Erikson's Stages
-Trust vs Mistrust: 0-1 yr -Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt: 1-2 yrs -Initiative vs Guilt: 3-5 yrs -Industry vs Inferiority: elementary school -Identity vs Role Confusion: adolescence -Intimacy vs Isolation: young adult -Generativity vs Stagnation: mid adulthood (contributing to world or lack of purpose) -Integrity vs Despair: late adulthood
79
Aversive Childhood Experiences
traumatic childhood events that affect development
80
Identity foreclosure
committed to an identity w/out exploring options
81
identity diffusion
hasn't explored options or committed to an identity
82
identity moratorium
exploring identity and has not yet committed
83
identity achievment
made a commitment after exploration

AP Psych (7 decks)

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