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AP Psych > Unit 2 - cognition > Flashcards

Unit 2 - cognition Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

Top-down processing

A

filling in gaps based on experience and expectations (90% of the time)

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2
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Slow process of brain’s integration of info (10% of the time)

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3
Q

Schema

A

preexisting mental concept

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4
Q

Perceptual set

A

mental predisposition to see what we expect

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5
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

perceiving the whole rather than the sum of parts

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6
Q

Figure-ground

A

organizing stimuli into those that stand out and those left over

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7
Q

Closure

A

mentally fil in gaps

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8
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

failure to notice visuals when focused on something else

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9
Q

cocktail party effect

A

ability to focus on a single stimulus and filter out others

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10
Q

Retinal disparity

A

Binocular cue - brain fuses together left and right visual images

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11
Q

Convergence

A

Binocular cue - eyes look inward as objects come closer

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12
Q

Interposition

A

Monocular cue - overlapping objects appear closer

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13
Q

Relative size

A

Monocular cue - smaller objects appear farther

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14
Q

Linear perspective

A

Monocular cue - parallel lines seem to converge with distance

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15
Q

Texture gradient

A

Monocular cue - coarser objects seem closer

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16
Q

Relative clarity

A

Monocular cue - blurry objects seem farther

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17
Q

concept

A

mental grouping of similar things; basis of thought

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18
Q

prototype

A

ideal example in a category

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19
Q

assimilation

A

making new info fit into existing schema
ex: kid owns a poodle and recognizes a pug as a dog –> dog schema grows to include 2 types

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20
Q

accommodation

A

amending existing knowledge thanks to new info
ex: a child thinks a cat is a dog –> dog schema changes to exclude some 4 legged pets

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21
Q

Representative heuristic

A

judging based on stereotypes

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22
Q

Availability heuristic

A

judgement based on available memories that come to mind

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23
Q

Affect heuristic

A

relying on emotions to make decisions

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24
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about the way you think

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25
mental set
relying on one technique to solve a problem (fixed mindset) -ex is functional fixedness: only seeing conventional use for an object
26
Sunk Cost fallacy
continuing to invest effort into something purely because you have already started
27
Gamblers' fallacy
belief that probability of a random event is influenced by recent outcomes
28
Convergent thinking
limits creativity
29
Divergent thinking
thinking outside the box and exploring different ideas
30
cognitive dissonance
mental discomfort felt. when one's beliefs contradict their actions --> SO we change our beliefs or actions
31
Levels of processing
maintenance (repetition) structural phonemic semantic deep/elaborative
32
chunking
grouping material for memory
33
method of loci
associating info with locations for memory
34
spacing effect
distributed practice is more effective than massed practice
35
context dependent memory
where you learned info is where it is best remembered
36
state dependent memory
the physical state you learn info in is the best state you remember it
37
mood congruent memory
recalling memories that matched one's emotional state
38
multi-store model
sensory memory, short term memory, long term memory
39
iconic memory
visual image that lasts 0.3 seconds
40
echoic memory
auditory memory that lasts 3 seconds
41
explicit memory
requires conscious recollection from hippocampus -episodic memory: personal experiences -semantic memory: facts
42
implicit memory
automatic memory formed by cerebellum
43
prospective memory
remembering to do something in the future
44
Alan Baddley's working memory model
pulling something from long term memory to solve a problem -central executive: manages attention -phonological loop: inner ear that holds auditory info -visuospatial sketchpad: inner eye
45
serial position effect
tendency to only recall first and last items on a list -primacy effect (STM for beginning info) -recency effect (sensory mem)
46
highly superior autobiographical memory
condition where individuals have incredible episodic memory
47
infantile amnesia
inability of adults to remember episodic memories from before the age of 3/4
48
retrograde amnesia
inability to recall past memories -caused by disease, brain injury, or trauma
49
anterograde amnesia
inability to form new memories -caused by disease, brain injury, or trauma
50
recall vs recognition
recall: retrieving memories without cues recognition: identifying previously learned info (better results)
51
decay theory
LTMs decay if not recalled and reused frequently (forgetting curve)
52
relearning effect
it takes less time to learn info that was already learned but forgotten
53
proactive interference
failure to recall new info b/c old is in the way
54
retroactive interference
failure to recall old info b/c new is in the way
55
tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
temporary retrieval failure when one cant recall info but knows they know it
56
misinformation effect
inaccurate info interferes w/ original memories
57
source amnesia
inability to remember where/when/how info was learned
58
imagination inflation
repeatedly imagining a false event can distort memory
59
Charles Spearman's G Factor
general intelligence and cognitive ability
60
Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory
intelligence has 3 components: analytical, practical, creative
61
Howard Gardner's Multiple Intelligence theory
intelligence is not a single trait - people have multiple types
62
mental age
age level of one's mental ability that can predict future performance
63
standardized test
administered and scored the same way for all - modeled by normal curve
64
test validity
how well a test measures what it is meant to
65
test reliability
test's ability to consistently find similar results
66
stereotype threat
negative expectations about your ability to perform due to stereotypes --> negative outcome
67
stereotype lift
lack of negative expectations about your ability --> positive outcome
68
The Flynn Effect
average IQ scores continue to increase over time
69
Achievement test vs aptitude test
achievement test: assesses current abilities aptitude test: predicts future abilities
70
crystalized intelligence
accumulated knowledge
71
fluid intelligence
ability to think critically and solve new problems
72
fixed mindset
belief that intelligence and abilities cannot change
73
growth mindset
belief that intelligence and abilities can be improved

AP Psych (7 decks)

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