Unit 02: Colonization of North America (1607 - 1754) Flashcards
Study the colonies established in the New World by the Spanish, French, Dutch, and British (6%-8%) 1. How different European colonies developed and expanded 2. Transatlantic trade 3. Interactions between American Indians and Europeans 4. Slavery in the British colonies 5. Colonial society and culture (177 cards)
1
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the social structure of English colonies compare to that of other Europeans?
A
- sent entire families (not just men)
- little intermarriage
- social classes remained rigid and hierarchical
2
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the first English settlement in the new world and what was it fate?
A
Roanoke
- sponsored Sit Walter Raleigh
- 1590 - disappeared: known as “Lost Colony”
3
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the establishment of Jamestown (1607)?
A
- joint-stock company (group bought right etablish New World colonies on behalf of king)
- Virginia Company
4
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Why was the Jamestown Colony a failure?
A
- settlers more interested in finding gold than planting crops
- no gold in Virginia
- within a few months half of settlers were diseased or starved
- survived only because a ship with new settlers arrived (with Captain John Smith)
Smith: improved conditions for a time → went back to England after a gunpowder insident
5
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened to the colonists in Jamestown after Smith left for England?
A
- Indians of Powhatan Confederacy no longer supply with food
- period known as “starving time”
- 90% parished and the rest resorted to cannibalism
- Saved new English ship arrived
6
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Who was John Rolfe and what were his two noteworthy successes?
A
- married Powhatan’s daughter - Pocahuntas
- established temporary peace
- Pioneered practice growing tobacco
- exported back to England
- became the gold of Virginia
7
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the effect of tobacco on the Virginia colonie’s economy?
A
Crop: required avst acreage and depleted soil = rapidly expanded Virginia economy
- developed plantation slavery
- new settlement: Chesapeake
8
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Why was property ownership important in England (and by extension, in America as well)?
A
Right to vote = directly tied to property ownership
9
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did social situations in England lead to the increaded migration to Chesapeake?
A
financial reasons
- overpopulation in England = widespread famine, disease, and poverty
- Chesapeake social opportunity
- use indentured servitude to get there
10
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was Indentured servitude?
A
In return for free passage, indentured servants promised 7 years of labor and then freedom
- sometimes also recieved a piece of land, resulting in indentured:
- enable to survive
- enable to vote
11
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Desribe the conditions indentured servants had to work under?
A
harsh conditions and difficult
12
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the headright system?
A
- Introduced in 1618 by Virginia Company
- purpose: attract new settlers and address labor shortage
“Headright” was a tract of land (50 acres) granted colonists and potential settlers
13
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What two measures where inacted by the Virginia Compnay to address the labor shortage in 1617 and 1618?
A
- 1617: Headright system
- 1618: House of Burgesses
14
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the House of Burgesses (1618)?
A
- All propertyholding, white males vote
- all decision approve company
15
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What similarlities did the French colonists have with the Spanish and English?
A
- (Spanish) Jesuit preachers try convert people
- spread disease
- travelled in search of minerals
16
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the impact of French colonists compare to the other Europeans?
A
Lighter impact
- mostly single men (less intent of permantent settlement)
- Fur trade with natives
Role in French and Indian War(1754-1763) faded afterwards with the Edict of Nantes in 1598.
17
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the Dutch, French, and Spanish interacted with the natives:
A
French:
- friendlier than rest
- rely trieties and population too small to resist NA
Dutch:
- create Great Trade Empire
- traded with natives
Spanish:
- settlers: young, single men
- marry and reproduce with natives
- mixed cultural heritage
- enslave and convert
18
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the English interaction with the natives differ greatly with the other three powers of the time?
A
- others all depended Native Americans
- English:
- entire families came
- intermixing rare
- wanted exclude natives
- Conflict natives
- wars of extermination
19
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Name six English colonies that rose due to proprietorship:
A
- Connecticut
- Maryland (Cecilius Calvert)
- New York
- New Jersey
- Pennsylvania
- Carolina
20
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was Cecilius Calvert’s purpose when establishing Maryland?
A
Objectives:
- Haven colony for Catholics (persecution in Protestant England)
- profit from tobacco
21
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the idea of Maryland being a religious haven fail?
A
Protestants outnumber Catholics (Catholics in positions of power) = revive religious tension
Protestant uprising: Act of Toleration
- 1649
- protect religious freedom of most Christians
- still bloody religious conflict
22
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How was New York established
A
- Gift from King James to brother, Duke of York
- took over from Dutch New Amsterdam
23
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Why was Pennsylvania?
A
- William Penn recieved from King Charles II
Charles motivation:
- saw Quakers as radicals and wanted to remove them from England
- close friends with Penn
*
24
Q
Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the policies under which Pennsylvania was established:
How did people respond?
A
- religious freedoms and civil liberties
- attempted treat natives better
- mixed results:
Attracted lots of settlers = one fastest growing colonies
25
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did William Penn's policies towards friendly native relations turn out?
Mixed results:
1. attracted lots settlers
2. bullied Indianf off land
26
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened to the Carolina colony in 1729?
**Split into North and South Carolina**
* North: settle by Virginians
* south: settled Englsih colonized Barbados
27
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened to most of the prorietary colonies in regards to ownership?
Became **royal** colonies
* king took ownership for more control
28
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened in the Powhatan Wars (1610-1677)?
Powahatan confederacy and land disputes
Result: _Indians granting reservation land_
29
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened during the Pequot War (1636 - 1638)?
* Massachusetts grew \> new place live \> wanted Connecticut Valley (Pequot tribe)
* Pequot attacked & killed 400 people
_Result_: Near-**distruction** of Pequots
30
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened during the Beaver Wars 1628-1701?
* Iroquios Confederacy (supported English) attacked Frech-backed Algonquian tribes
* why: BEAVER FUR
* numbers decline due to environmental desurbance and overhunting
* Bloodiest war in North America
31
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What caused the Decline of the Huron Confederacy (1634-1649)?
* *Frech allies in Seven Years War*
1. Smallpox
2. Tribal confilicts over fur
32
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was King Philip's War (1675-1678)?
Leader: **Metacomet** (leader Wamapanoag in Rhode Island)
_Motivation:_
1. convert Indians to English culture and religion
2. give up cloths
_Result_:
1. attacked territories
2. alliance other tribes
3. After death: alliance fell apart
*Marks the end of formidable NA presence among New England Colonies*
33
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Pueblo Revolt (1680)?
* Pueblo Indians in New Mexico attacked Spanish colonies
* Took control again
* still accomidating to Indians
* Aviod further conflict
34
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Chicksaw Wars (1721-1763)?
* Cicksaw (british) fought Choctaw (French)
* wanted control Mississippi River
* deadlier - supplied guns
Ended with the **Treaty of Paris** (end Seven Years War)
35
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What caused the Decline of the Catawba Nation?
1. War (most other tribes)
2. Disease
36
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What labor was used before slavery? Why was it ineffective?
before: _Indentured servitude_ and _Native Americans_
Tobacco and rice growing = increase labor demand
Natives American enslavement difficult:
1. Knew land well - easy escape
2. Gender roles of Indians = women do the land cultivation
3. Decimated population
37
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Why was African enslavement easier?
1. Not know land well
2. Not able to communicate
3. easier to control
38
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Where did the majority of slaves (from Africa) go before the Revolutionary War?
Directed South America and Caribbean
39
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Middle Passage?
*Middle leg of triangular trade route; shipping route brought slaves to Americas*
* very inhumane
* some committed suicide
40
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did Slavery in the South and North compare?
_South:_
* labor-intensive crop (tobacco, rice, indigo)
* sadistic and cruel treatment
_North_:
* not at the same scale
* domestic urban household
_Common trend_: only the wealthy owned slaves
41
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Age of Salutary Neglect?
*Preceded Seven Years War; era salutary neglect or benign rule*
* absentee customs and self-government
* blind eye to trade violations
42
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the result of the Age of Salutary Neglect?
* Colonies very automonous
* **fuel revolutionary sentiment when monarch tried to gain greater control**
* colonies became "American"
43
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was mercantilism?
**Theory economic power rooted favorable balance trade** (more exports than imports) **and control of specie** (hard currency).
44
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did mercantilist ideology influence how the British viewed North American colonies compared to the West Indies?
* West Indies: more important for economic reasons (produced sugar)
* NA: consumer market
45
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the British Government go about enforcing "favorable balance of trade?"
(1) Encouraged British manufactuing and (2) Protective tariffs
46
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What protective tariffs did the English pass to protect local manufactoring?
**Navigation Acts** (1651-1673)
*establish wide-ranging Ebglish control of colonial commerce*
* colonists only sell to and buy from British
* import non-English products through british ports
* not allowed produce anything English mainland produces
**Wool Act of 1699:**
* forbade export of wool from American colonies and importation wool from other British colonies
* Protested by only dealing in flax and hemp*
**Molasses Act of 1733:**
* imposed exporbitant tax importantion sugar from French West Indies
* Protest by refusal to pay taxes (early example rebellion against Crown)*
47
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How successful were the Navigation Acts?
Only partial
1. since smuggling was easy
2. not too much protest (*depend English for trade and protection)*
48
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the role and limits of powers for colonial governors?
* elected king or proprietor
* dependent colonial legislature for money
* Power relied on cooperation - generally coorporated colonists
49
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the bicameral legislatures of the colonies:
Branches: upper and lowest houses
Upper House:
* appoitees (advisors to governor)
* some legislative and judicial power
* concerned protecting landowners interests
Lower House:
* direct elected (male, white property owners)
* "power of the purse" (conrol government salaries and tax)
50
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How much was the Crown involved in the governance of the colonies?
* limited
* allowed transition from colony to independence
51
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What caused the Bacon's Rebellion in Virginia (1676)?
(1) Land:
* Coastal land mostly taken
* moved more inland = encountered Indians
* wanted to band together and drive out Indians
* governer Jamestow not risk full-out war
(2) Class War:
* thought indentured servants were a buffer between natives
52
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What did Nathaniel Bacon do to catalyse Bacon's Rebellion?
* wanted governor (William Berkeley) give authority rise a militia attack tribes
* Berkeley refused
* Bacon still attacked
* dissolved when Bacon suddenly died to dysentery
53
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did Bacon's Rebellion lead to the development of the black codes in the south?
* Bacon allied with disenfranchised blacks
* division based on **class and not race**
Frightened Southerners \> black codes followed Civil War
54
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened during the Stono Uprising in Charleston in 1739?
* 20 slaves
* stole guns and ammunition, killed storekeepings and planters
* fled to Florida (hope Spanish colonists grant them freedom)
* Colonial government caught up and kill most
55
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the effect of the Cato/Stono Rebellion?
1. More restrictive laws to govern behavior of slaves
2. fear of slave rebellions increased
3. New York had the "witch hunt" period
* 31 blacks and whites executed for conspiracy
56
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What events preceded the Salem Witch Trails of 1692?
1. Dominion of New England (*English governor attempted clam down illegal trade)*
2. *1691* Massachusetts became royal colony & suffrage extended all Protestants
3. King William's War
57
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the protestants feel threatened (religiously speaking) in the late 17th century?
1. *Growing mercialism in cities*
2. fevor of original generations weaked
Response: **Halfway Covenenant**
* changed rules governing Puritan baptists
* baptize all children who's parents were baptised (no longer require experience "Gift of gods grace")
58
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the First Great Awakening?
wave of religious revivals in Europe and America
59
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the preaching styles of the preachers in the First Great Awakening:
*Ex: Jonathan Edwards and Goerge Whitefield*
* gaphic depictions of hell
* emotional
* Calvinism
* Southern evangelism
60
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What caused the First Great Awakening?
response rationalism and logic of the Enlightenment
61
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the population of the 17th century colonies:
Most important characteristic: **rapid growth**
* muti-cultural: Scotish, Irish, German
* Increase in black population
62
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Where was the majority of the settlers of this period located?
90% rural areas
63
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the main cause of the founding of colonies in the US?
Virginia, Plymouth, Massachusetts, Conneticut, Rhode Island, New York and New Jersey, Delaware, Pennsylvania, Georgia.
1. Virginia: eocnomic gain
2. Plymouth: Religious freedom (Separatist Pilgrims)
3. Massachusetts: Religious freedom (nonseparatist puritans)
4. Maryland: religious freedoms (Catholics)
5. Connecticut: religious differences with Puritans in Massachusetts
6. New York and New Jersey: seized from Dutch
7. Delaware: seized Dutch
8. Penn: Religious freedom (Quakers)
9. Georgia: Buffer colony and alternative to debtor's prison
64
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Which settlements were included in the "New England" colonies?
1. New Hampshire
2. Massachusetts
3. Rhode Island
4. Connecticut
65
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Describe the creation of Massachusetts Bay in 1629?
* established by Congressionalists (puritans who wanted to reform church from within)
* started Governor John Winthrop
* Lead Great Puritan Migration (1629-1649)
* created puritan ideals → "city on the hill"
* strict calvalists
* poeple covenant with God
* (like seperatists) no religious tolerance
66
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Which settlements were included in the "Middle" colonies?
1. New York
2. New Jersey
3. Pennsylvania
4. Delaware
67
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Which settlements were included in Chesapeake?
1. Maryland
2. Virginia
68
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Which settlements were included in "Southern" colonies?
1. North Carolina
2. South Carolina
3. Georgia
69
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What sentiment towards the Spanish developed during the Reformation of England?
Reformation → _Saw Spanish (Catholics) as enemies:_
**1588**: Spanish Amarade tried to invade (failed)
late 16th century: _anti-Catholicism ingrained society_
♣ Used Spanish "cruelty" as justification for colonization ♣
70
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What social crisis emerged in 16th century England?
Reason colonization: refuge England's "surplus" population
16th century: **economic growths not keep up population growth**
71
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the "Enclosure Movement" in 16th century England?
Small plots where owned used many peasants \> clustered together for mass production
* Benefited: landlords, farms, marchants
* bad: people uprooted
**1629**: _John Winthrop:_
shortly before leaving for Massachusetts
said to many people in England
72
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the government's response to the population crisis in 16th century England?
How did it compare to the Spanish and French government's opinion regarding going to the New World?
English Government Response:
1. Forcing people to accept any job offered to them
2. hanging/whipping unemployed
3. encouraged people to leave New World
The Spanish did not encourage people to go to the New World.
The French thought is was a place for criminals
73
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was an indentured servant?
**Exchanged their freedom for a set amount of time in exchange for passage**
* 2/3rds of the people
* bought and sold
* not marry
* subject physical punishment
* labor enfourced by courts
Payment: "Freedom dues"
* many died
* complaints people running away → due to "fondness for freedom"
74
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What three policies were introduced in 1618 by the British in order to improve Jamestown?
**[1] HEADRIGHT SYSTEM:**
* award 50 acres of land any colonist pay own voyage (or others)
* included servants
anyone brought lots of servants = large estate
**[2] CHARTER OF GRANTS AND LITERATIES system**
instead of a militaristic regime
**[3] HOUSE OF BURGESSES**
(1619) First elected assembly
1619: first African arrived
75
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Explain what happened in the Uprising of 1622? What was the result?
Powhatan's brother
* led the attack on English
* one day: wiped out 1/4 of the population of 1200
900 English: attacked Indian Villages
**Governor Francis Wyatt**
"By attacking Indians lost claim on land"
_Result_:
Uprising: **unsuccessful**
Shifted balance of power
**1644**: Last Opechancanough rebellion
Crushed → killed 500 colonists
Signed treaty:
* 2 000 Indians left
* subordinate to Colonists
* Indians: moved inland
1662's Uprising → *last series blows against Virginia Company*
76
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What rights did women have in 17th century Virginia?
* Dower Rights: one-third husband's property
* legal status: *feme sole* (woman alone)
could conduct business
77
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Who was the proprietor of Maryland? How did his religious beliefs influence his rule?
Person: **Cecilius Calvert** (son King Charles 1)
* absolute power
* control trade
* still elected assembly
* Calvert disliked → needed full English liberties
*Calvert = Catholic*
Made refuge for persecuted coreligionists
wanted Protestants and Catholics live peace
78
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Who founded Puritanism? Who was he?
**John Winthrop**
| (Massachusetts) (Plymouth governor)
79
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Who founded Calvinism? What was the founder's problem with the religious status quo?
**John Calvin**
French-Swiss theologist
_Not satisfied with Church of England_
* too many Catholic elements
* rejected Catholic religious hierarchy
* only independent local congregations should have leaders
* "Congregationalists"
80
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What were puritan beliefs and systems?
Requirements:
1. People read Bible
2. Listen to sermons educated ministers
3. Central rite: sermon
4. Should lead a good life
Puritanism "zeal"
1. alienated many
2. some became separatists
Ex: those in Plymouth Colony
1. most wanted to purify church from within
81
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did Charles 01 rule change England's religious sphere?
How did this stimulate puritan migration?
**1620s-1630s**: Charles 1
1. restoration many ceremonies
2. dismissed Puritan ministers and censored writing
Many left England
_Puritan emigration:_
* Wanted escape corrupt England
* establish "city set upon a hill"
* **Bible Commonwealth**
82
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What two types of liberties did John Winthrop establish in 1645?
**[1] Natural Liberty**
* liberty to do evil
* adopted by Irish, Indians, and bad Christians
**[2] Moral Liberty**
* genuine liberty
* restraints on speech, religion,
* subjugation to authority (religious and secular)
* Not question elected
83
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Who were the first Puritans in America? (the 1620s) What was the Mayflower Compact?
First Puritans in America: **_Pilgrims_** (1620)
Puritan separatists
sailed to New World on **Mayflower**
* we're heading to Virginia → blown off course
* founded _Plymouth_ colony on Cape Cod
1608: fled from the Netherlands
_Mayflower Compact_:
41 males
Agree to obey "**just and equal law**"
representatives own choosing
* men all states of society
* 200 years before Brittian's could vote
Pilgrims hoped **established society based on the lives of early Christian saints**
84
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened during the Great Migration of 1642?
What made it unique?
21,000 Puritans immigrated to Massachusetts
an established base thriving economy
Unique migration:
* 1/4 servants
* mostly families
85
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the basis of the Puritan Family and gender roles?
_Family:_
1. **male authority**
2. **adherence common-law traditions**
limited married women's legal and economic rights
*_Ideal Marriage_*:
* Male absolute authority
* mutual affection between men and women
_Women's role_:
1. Spiritually equal to men
2. Women allowed full church membership
3. Unmarried: dangerous to society
86
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was Rhode island's stance on religion?
beacon for **religious freedom (for Dissenters)**
* no established church
* no religious qualifications for voting
* not required to attend church
87
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
In which two ways did Anne Hutchison threaten the Puritan social structure?
**Who**:
1. gender
2. influential following
*Followers became Quakers*
**What**:
* lived in New England for 8 years
* midwife & daughter of clergyman
* held meetings about issues
Thought: "salvation God's gift, not get through hard work"
different from Puritans: saw preachers as faulty
**Anne Hutchinson's trail of 1637**:
**1637**: _Sedition_ (*opinions dangerous to authority)*
Punishment: Banishment
Signficance: Puritan belief in individual interpretation \> _lead criticism of the establishment_
88
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
Who was Roger Williams?
* established Rhode Island
* establish after banishment due to religious dissedence
89
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did Roger Williams and John Winthrop's opinions regarding the Native Americans compare?
**Roger Williams opinion:**
* treat Indians respect
* should purchase land from Indians
**John Winthrop opinion:**
* uncultivated land legitimately was taken
* Indians submit English authority
90
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the Puritans try to combat the attraction of the Indian "natural life-style?"
**[1] 1642**: Connecticut General Court
3 year penalty for English who went to live with Indians
**[2] Encourage publication captivity narratives**
popular: *The Sovereignty and Goodness of God* by Mary Rowlandson
* Mary captured and held 3 months
* said not treated badly
* wanted to return to Christian society
91
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Pequot War and its result?
1637
* The - Pequots - Indians murdered a fur trader
* Response: **Massacre at the Mystic**
* (500 people died)
soldiers set village ablaze
killed escapees
**Result**:
Result war: _most killed or sold into Caribbean slavery_
_Indian view:_ European tactics barbaric
_Puritan view:_ defeated barbaric nation with help of Lord
thought Indians not allowed in religion
92
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What predicament was the New English church faced within the 1650s?
What was their resolve in 1662?
**less half population in Boston full church members**
problem:
* uphold rigorous admission \> smaller size?
* easier admission \> connected with people?
**1662: _Half-Way Covenant_**
half-way membership grandchildren of those arrived in Great Migration
93
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Magna Carta (1215)?
1215: **Magna Carta (Great Charter)**
* agreement between King John & barons
* series of liberties granted to all free men
* restricted group \> serfdom
* serfdom disappeared - more freeborn
Included:
1. protection against arbitary imprisonment
2. seizure oland without due process
Become: **_English Liberty_**
idea: all people subject to same laws and rules
Ex
1. *habeas corpus* (Protection against being imprisoned without legal charge)
2. right face accusers
3. trail by jury
94
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
How did the Magna Carta become English Liberty?
idea: **all people subject to same laws and rules**
Ex
1. habeas corpus
2. right face accusers
3. trail by jury
95
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened during the English Civil War between 1642 and 1646?
due to the struggle between Parliament and monarchs _James 1_ and _Charles 1_
leader of **House of Commons**: accused kings endangering liberty
* imposing tax without parliamentary consent
* imprisoning foes
* leading nation back to Catholicism
1642: WAR!
1649: Parliament won
* Charles 1 beheaded
* monarchy abolished
* "a Commonwealth and Free State
**_Result_**:
1649: **Parliament won**
* Charles 1 beheaded
* monarchy abolished
* "a Commonwealth and Free State
_Oliver Cromwell:_
head parliamentary army ruled almost decade
1650: _Charles 2 restored monarchy_
Intensified discussion about liberty
96
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What happened during the PLUNDERING TIME in the 1640s?
_Cause_:
1. political battled of Civil war
2. homegrown Catholic vs. Protestants
3. anti-proprietary feeling
_Events_:
Civil war
* verge anarchy
* pro-Parliament forces attacking Charles 1 loyalists
**1649**: **Act Concerning Religions / Maryland Toleration Act**
principle of toleration → milestone
All Christians guaranteed free exercise of religion
not for non-Christians
97
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What was the Act Concerning Religions / Maryland Toleration Act of 1649?
principle of toleration → milestone
All Christians guaranteed free exercise of religion
not for non-Christians
98
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What were some of the characteristics of Spanish colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major areas:
* Central & south America
* Caribbean
* * *
First major European power in Americas
* * *
Slavery Indians and Africans
* * *
Fist establish large-scale of single valuable commodity (sugar)
* * *
Catholic missionaries
99
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What were some of the characteristics of Netherland's colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major Areas:
* modern New York
* Maryland
* New Jersey
* Delaware
* * *
Primary interest: commerce
* * *
Indians: trade partners and allies
* good relations with Iroquois
* not without conflict
* * *
Not as significant as other Powers
* * *
Slavery: small
* small scale
* craft help
* * *
Fewer settlers → more diverse
* * *
Religious freedom
* freedom private practice
* no required church attendance
100
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English American (1607-1750)
What were some of the characteristics of France's colonialism? (Imperial Rivarly)
Major Areas:
* Canada
* Central US
* * *
Indians: allies and trade partners
* most enduring relationships with Indians
* * *
Fur trade
* * *
No forced labor
* * *
No permanent settlement
* * *
Métis \> intermixed person
* * *
Some joined American Indian society
101
what 5 characteristics did all colonial empires have in common?
1. Disease and warfare
2. Convert American Indians to Christianity
3. New forms of technology and learning
4. New legal system and forms of family relationships
5. New forms of enterprise and wealth creation
102
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What are the characteristics of mercantilism?
1. **encourage manufacturing**
2. **monopolies**
3. **Controlled trade**
more silver & gold flow into the economy than out
more exports than imports
103
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the **Navigation Act** (1651)?
*What was the objective of the Navigation Act?*
Aim: **take world trade from Dutch**
* transported by English ships
* sold initially in English ports
* could re-exported to foreign markets
*What was the result of the Navigation Act (1651)?*
Result: _most European goods were transported through England_
1. increased shipbuilding, merchants
2. added tax for the government
3. stimulated rise New England's shipbuilding industry
104
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened to New Netherland during the Anglo-Dutch war?
1652-1784
## Footnote
Charles 2 gave New Netherland to **James** (*younger brother of Charles and Duke of York)*
Renamed: New York
105
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the **Charter of Liberties and Privileges**? (1683)
1. elections 1/3 years
2. electorate: male property owners
3. trail by jury
4. security of property
5. religious toleration Protestants
106
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What were the Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina? (1669)
1. establish a **feudal society**
hereditary nobility, serfs, slaves
2. **elected assembly**
3. **religious tolerance**
essential to enticing migration
4. **_headright system_**
50 acres to arriving family
100 acres to male servants completed terms
5. Slaveowners **"Absolute power and authority" over slaves**
107
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did the early economy of Carolina change after the start of the cultivation of rice?
Early economy:
1. cattle raising
2. trade Indians
♣ Rice ♣
* make the _wealthiest elite in English North America_
* epicenter for slavery
108
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Who established Pennsylvania and what was his vision? (1681) Why was Pennsylvania considered a Holy Experiment?
leader: **_William Penn_**
Vision:
* sanctuary religiously prosecuted
* harmony with Indians
* Pacifists:
**Holy Experiment:**
*"free colony for all mankind that should go hither'*
Like Puritans in New England → different
_Govern the following Quaker principles:_
* equality for all people before God (women, blacks, Indians)
* believed liberty was a universal entitlement
* first abolish slavery
_Indian treatment:_
* purchased Indian land
* refuge tribes driven out other colonies
Why?
Quakers = pacifists (no established military to 1740s)
peace essential
109
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Why did the mass immigration in 18th century Pennsylvania deteriorate the freedom of others?
1. mass immigration interfere benevolent Indian policy
2. reliance slave labor \> less indentured servants
110
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Why was North America's transition to slavery slower than in South America?
1. more expensive than indentured servants
2. tobacco workers high death rate
111
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What privileges did slaves have in Virginia and Maryland in the early 17th century?
1. allowed testify in court
2. some acquired land and purchase white slaves
3. worked with whites in tobacco fields and ran away together
112
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What laws about children with mixed ancestry were brought into place in 1662 (Chesapeake)?
Statues of the offspring followed the mother's
* reversed European practice
* make sexual abuse profitable \> children owner property
113
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What law did the Virginia House of Burgesses pass in 1667, related to religious conversion and slavery?
**The religious conversion did not release slave from bondage**
* Christians own other Christians
* mixed children = illegitimate
114
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What did the settlers want during Becon's Rebellion (1676)? How did Berkeley respond?
Social **tension** and **resentment**
Settlers demand:
1. extermination or removal of colony's Indians
2. Berkeley refused
William Berkeley governor 30 years
* corrupt (circle wealthiest tobacco plantation owners)
* land grants to allies
* resulted in poverty (comparable with England)
* Voting rights: only landowners
* Peaceful Indian relations
1. Indian massacre presided \> rebellion
115
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What did Nathaniel Bacon demand in Bacon's Rebellion?
**Nathaniel Bacon**
Reason for support: (blacks, indentured servants, farmers)
1. call for removal of Indians
2. reduction of taxes
3. end to rule of "grandees"
4. promised freedom and Indian lands
116
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened during Bacon's Rebellion (1676)? What was the respond?
**_What_**:
1676: **Burned Jamestown**
1. Berkeley fled
2. Nathaniel Bacon ruler
English warship restored order
October 1976: Bacon died
**_Response_**:
Sent warships to restore order
October 1676: Nathaniel died
Elite response:
1. restoration of voting rights
2. reduced taxes
3. more aggressive Indian policy
117
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened during the Glorious Revolution? (1688)
*How did James the 2nd's rule serve as catalysts for the Glorious Revolution?*
1. King Charles died 1685 → James successor
2. Catholic & believed in absolutism
3. decreed religious tolerance
Son: alarming thoughts of a _Catholic succession_
Who: James 2nd v. Parliament
118
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was William of Orange's part in the Glorious Revolution?
Aristocrats invited Dutch nobleman → William of Orange → _throne of "English Liberty"_
* Husband to James Protestant daughter Mary
**Revolution**:
* Anglican Church with William
* James 2 fled
* Overthrow James
* entrenched notion of liberties of birthright to English
119
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the **English Bill of Rights** (1689)?
Listed parliamentary powers:
* taxation
* rights of individuals (trail by jury)
120
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the **Toleration Act of 1689**?
* Free worship Protestant Dissenters (not Catholics)
* Only Anglicans hold office
121
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did the English government try to reduce colonial autonomy in the 1680s?
King James II created: **The Dominion of New England**
Governor: *Sir Edmund Andros*
1. Massachusetts
2. Maine
3. New Hampshire
4. New York
5. Vermont
6. New Jersey
7. Connecticut
8. Rhode Island
122
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Why was Sir Edmund Andros seen as the enemy?
* Ended community authority
* End certain Laws → Puritanism in Massachusetts
* Tries to bring the colonies under firm control
* Thought colonists do not have the same rights as English
123
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Explain what happened during the Rebellion in 1689?
***Boston:***
April 1689: _Boston militia seized Edmund Andros and other officials_
established **original colonial governments**
Lobbied for charters in England
**1691**: charter absorbed Plymouth into Massachusetts
***New York***:
Captain Jacob Leisler + militia
* established **Committee of Safety**
* took control of New York
Unintentional: _divided colony along ethnic lines_
* Dutch took control
* William refuse acknowledge → sent troops and new governor
* Leisler executed
***Maryland***:
July 1698: **Maryland's Protestant Association**
overthrew _Lord Baltimore_ (catholic)
William revoked charter
**1715**: Baltimore converted Anglicanism → restored
* transformed government
* ended religious tolerance
124
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Which type of women were generally executed because of witchcraft?
* women beyond childbearing age
* outspoken, economically independent, not married
* violated traditional gender norms
* women (occasionally men)
* entered into a pact with devil → supernatural powers
* miscarriages or stillborn = witch work
125
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened during the Salem Witch Trails (1692)?
Couple of young girls had nightmares → why? witches
* 3 "witches" identified
* Tituba → Indian from Caribbean → slave one girl's house
The only way avoid prosecution → give the name of other
middle 1692: a hundred neighbors accusing each other
**14 women and 5 men hanged**
Evidence → **something wrong Salem justice system**
* Massachusetts governor dissolved Salem court
* released remaining prisoners
126
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Why did so many Germans migrate to America in the 18th century?
18th century Germany:
* smaller states
* ruled price → determined official religion
* Prosecution for those who did not
_Reason for emigration:_
1. **Religious prosecution**
2. **agricultural crises**
127
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the ***Redemptioners*** system?
The passage in exchange for working off debt in America
* rural New York and Penn
* farming communities → German dominant language
128
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
In which way was America not a "melting pot" of religious diversity?
1. lived separate communities
2. more diverse than Briain → especially religiously
129
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did the following parties view the Indians: (18th century)
A. **Traders**
B. **Officials**
C. **Farmers**
**Traders**: potential profits
**Officials**: allies against French and Spanish
**Farmers**: obstacles to land
130
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the **Walking Purchase of 1737**?
Pennsylvania → Influx German and Scott immigration
William Penn constructed peaceful relations with Indians
WP \> fraudulent dealings like other colonies
**Lenni Lenape Indians** → agreed to give land bounded by the distance man could walk in 36 hours
* Governor James Logan → hired a team of runners
* exceeded expectations
* **1760**: Relations become hostile
* William Penn had peaceful relations with Indians, but relations turned hostile after the Walking Purchase
131
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
William Penn had peaceful relations with Indians, but relations turned hostile after the Walking Purchase
America: export of farm goods (**Britain** and **West Indies**)
* except for tobacco (enumerated under the Navigation Act)
* Bread and flour → West Indies
132
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What "type" of America Elite emerged in 18th century America?
* dominated politics
* planters and rulers of proprietary colonies
* not as wealthy/powerful aristocracy England
* no tilted aristocracy
**Middle Colonies Elite**:
* slave plantations
* staple crops
* Planter: very wealthy
**Virginia**:
**elite tightly knit and intermarried**
"cousinocracy"
* nearly all achievements \> family connections
* Used control to gain land
133
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did the British (18th century) view colonists?
English: wanted to create an "English" identity
Saw colonists:
1. convicts, dissidents, servants
2. made people assert claim to British identity
Saw **Indians and Africans as lesser**
* Different from other Europeans
* not include Indians in colonial identity
* limited intermarriage
134
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did Anglicization contribute to trade between Britain and America?
* model lives on British etiquette
* imported London fashions and literature
* sent sons to Britain for education
135
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did 18th century America's middle class compare to Britain?
Distinguished from Europe: middle class
**2/3 free males owned own land**
Culture:
* saw land ownership as a right
* resented those who tried to take it away
* dislike personal dependent _ widespread
136
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened in 18th century America when the population grew and the death rate decreased, in relation to the female's role in marriage?
Free women:
* expected to being wives and mothers
* opportunities that existed in the beginning receded
* work: cooking, cleaning, sewing
* Low infant mortality: more time raising children
137
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What 4 reasons did the English turn to slavery rather than indenture?
1. Plentry of land and the drive to put it to use → bolster imperial claims
2. Shortage of indentured servants (*due to aweful conditions)*
3. No way of enslaving Native Americans (diminished numbers)
4. Europe's growing demand for commoditiy items (sugar and tobacco)
*similar to Spain's reasons*
138
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
How did laws solve the problems that arose due to slavery?
Problems:
1. **Uncomfortable with enslaving Christians (many slaves converted)**
2. **Children born to enslaved women**
**1660s**: Laws eliminate problems
Other: **baptism not impact a person's conditions** of being enslaved or free
**1662**: **Marilineal** inheritance
* mother slave → all her children slaves
* Many white slaveowners encouraged have children with female slaves
increased labor force with little investment
sexual abuse more common
Response:
* running away
* attacking slaveowners or overseers
* destruction
139
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Describe the New England Colonies during 1660-1760?
* fishing, rum, shipbuilding, subsistence farming
* "City on the Hill"
* healthier climate, longer life expectancy
* Mayflower Compact
* Royal governor and town meetings
* More homogeneous society (Puritans)
* Schools important
140
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Describe the Middle Colonies during 1660-1760?
* few enslaved people or indenture
* cereal crops
* diverse religious, ethnically, and demographically
* Purchase land from NA
* Proprietary colonies, royal governors, and colonial assemblies
141
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
Describe the Southern and Caribbean Colonies during 1660-1760?
* high mortality rate
* Bacon's Rebellion revealed frustration between rich and poor
* Joint-stock companies
* House of Burgesses
* Reliance on indenture and enslavement
* Buffer to Spanish colonialism
* Headright system
* Yeoman farmers
* large-scale production of staple crops and cash crops
142
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What commonalities excisted between the British colonies during 1660-1760?
* Slavery (until American Revolution)
* Access to Atlantic Ocean
* Temperate climates and adequate rainfall for agricultural production
* Dependence manufactured goods (imported from Britain)
* High value placed on land-ownership
* Dominance of Christianity
* Expectation of men and women to marry and raise families
143
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened in the Beaver Wars in the 1620s?
1620s:
* Iroquois dependent European goods
* exchanged fur with French
Beaver population declined → ranged farther for hunting
* into territories of other groups (Huron Confederacy)
* Decades of war between tribes
Results:
1. most Huron's died
2. captured
3. dispersed into groups
144
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What was the result of King Philip's War?
_Death Rate:_
* 5% English pop
* 40% Indian pop
* 60-80% of Plymouth
_Results_:
* Last major Indian Conflict
* Captives sold into slavery (including Metacom's son)
* Allies and Wampanoag Indians destroyed
* Left Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island open
* Small, but not significant, rebellions
145
# Chapter 02: Beginnings of English America (1607→1660)
What happened during 1675 in King Philip's War?
Violence: assassination of three Pokanoket Indians convicted for murdering a "praying Indians"
* Metacom allied with 2/3 area's Indians
First Attack: Swansea, Massachusetts
* Killed hundreds of people
* destructed 12/90 towns
Both sides: brutal tactics
* setting fires to drive out people
* mounting them on the side of the road
146
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"Resolved, 1st. That every form of government rightfully founded, originates from the consent of the people.
2d. That the boundaries set by the people in all constitutions are the only limits within which any officer can lawfully exercise authority.
3d. That whenever those bounds are exceeded, the people have a right to reassume the exercise of that authority which by nature they had before they delegated it to individuals.
4th. That every tax imposed upon English subjects without consent is against the natural rights and the bounds prescribed by the English constitution.
5th. That the Stamp Act in special, is a tax imposed on the colonies without their consent.
6th. That it is the duty of every person in the colonies to oppose by every lawful means the execution of those acts imposed on them, and if they can in no other way be relieved, to reassume their natural rights and the authority the laws of nature and of God have vested them with."
—From the Connecticut Resolutions on the Stamp Act: December 10, 1765*
Which of the following colonial complaints following the Seven Years' War is best reflected in this excerpt? (5 points)
1. Continued quartering and support of British soldiers
2. Taxation without direct representation in Parliament
3. Limits to settlement under the Proclamation of 1763
4. Failure to protect white settlers from American Indians
**2.** Taxation without direct representation in Parliament
147
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"Resolved, 1st. That every form of government rightfully founded, originates from the consent of the people.
2d. That the boundaries set by the people in all constitutions are the only limits within which any officer can lawfully exercise authority.
3d. That whenever those bounds are exceeded, the people have a right to reassume the exercise of that authority which by nature they had before they delegated it to individuals.
4th. That every tax imposed upon English subjects without consent is against the natural rights and the bounds prescribed by the English constitution.
5th. That the Stamp Act in special, is a tax imposed on the colonies without their consent.
6th. That it is the duty of every person in the colonies to oppose by every lawful means the execution of those acts imposed on them, and if they can in no other way be relieved, to reassume their natural rights and the authority the laws of nature and of God have vested them with."
—From the Connecticut Resolutions on the Stamp Act: December 10, 1765*
**How is the excerpt related to the Seven Years' War? (5 points)**
1. After colonial leaders failed to unite in Albany, they passed individual laws to support the war.
2. After the war, the various colonies decided they needed to support all British official laws.
3. It reflects the agreements made at the Albany Conference to unite behind colonial issues.
4. It is a response to a British law designed to help pay for the war effort in North America.
**4.** It is a response to a British law designed to help pay for the war effort in North America.****
148
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"[T]he Great Spirit bade him (Neolin) be seated, and thus addressed him: ... The land on which you live I have made for you, and not for others. Why do you suffer the white men to dwell among you? My children, you have forgotten the customs and traditions of your forefathers. Why do you not clothe yourselves in skins, as they did, and use the blows and arrows, and the stonepointed lances, which they used? You have bought guns, knives, kettles, and blankets, from the white men, until you can no longer do without them ... Fling all these things away; live as your wise forefathers lived before you. And as for these English, ... you must lift the hatchet against them. Wipe them from the face of the earth, and then you will win my favor back again, and once more be happy and prosperous."
—From the speeches of Pontiac, 1762–1763*
**How is the excerpt related to the Proclamation of 1763? (5 points)**
1. British officials rejected American Indian claims to lands in the French cession and so ordered immediate white settlement there.
2. Pontiac negotiated an agreement with the British to end the trade of European manufactured goods between American Indians and settlers.
3. British officials were concerned that the speeches could lead to violence, and they prevented rebellion by making a treaty with American Indian leaders.
4. Pontiac led a rebellion that caused British officials to issue the law in an effort to stop further violence by protecting certain areas for the American Indians.
**4.** Pontiac led a rebellion that caused British officials to issue the law in an effort to stop further violence by protecting certain areas for the American Indians
149
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"[T]he Great Spirit bade him (Neolin) be seated, and thus addressed him: ... the land on which you live I have made for you, and not for others. Why do you suffer the white men to dwell among you? My children, you have forgotten the customs and traditions of your forefathers. Why do you not clothe yourselves in skins, as they did, and use the blows and arrows, and the stonepointed lances, which they used? You have bought guns, knives, kettles, and blankets, from the white men, until you can no longer do without them ... Fling all these things away; live as your wise forefathers lived before you. And as for these English, ... you must lift the hatchet against them. Wipe them from the face of the earth, and then you will win my favor back again, and once more be happy and prosperous."
—From the speeches of Pontiac, 1762–1763*
**Why did the story of Neolin resonate with American Indians from various tribes around 1763? (5 points)**
1. Groups like the Iroquois had proven that it was possible to return to ancestral ways even amongst white settlers.
2. They were angry over the French cession, which included their own lands, that left them at the mercy of the British.
3. closeIncorrect
4. Most of the praying Indians by this time felt betrayed by Europeans and so were ready to reject their cultures.
5. Imperial conflict gave them the opportunity to reclaim their lands and return to traditional lifestyles.
**2.** They were angry over the French cession, which included their own lands, that left them at the mercy of the British.
150
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"It is proposed that humble application be made for an act of Parliament of Great Britain, by virtue of which one general government may be formed in America, including all the said colonies, within and under which government each colony may retain its present constitution, except in the particulars wherein a change may be directed by the said act."
—From Albany Plan of Union, 1754*
**Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Albany Plan of Union? (5 points)**
1. It successfully united the colonies to provide support to the British in the Seven Years' War.
2. Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.
3. American Indians joined the British cause because of promises made to them in the document.
4. Colonists did not want to support the war effort, which led to the document and resistance.
**2.** Although it was supported by the conference members, the colonial governments rejected it.
151
# Module 02: Colonies at War
What was the purpose of the Proclamation of 1763? (5 points)
1. Secure a lasting peace following the Seven Years' War
2. Organize the transfer of French claims to English settlers
3. Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands
4. Establish the boundaries between British and Spanish claims
**3.** Prevent further white settlement on American Indian lands
152
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Which of the following was the most significant outcome of the Seven Years' War? (5 points)
1. American Indians won protection for some ancestral lands.
2. France as an imperial power disappeared from North America.
3. Colonists rallied behind Great Britain in supporting the war effort.
4. Britain and Spain transferred some territorial claims between them.
**2.** France as an imperial power disappeared from North America.
153
# Module 02: Colonies at War
What drove most American Indians to support the French? (5 points)
1. Desire to end the Iroquois threat
2. Secret alliances with the British
3. Concern over the fur trade
4. Plans to reform lifestyles
**3.** Concern over the fur trade
154
# Module 02: Colonies at War
What role did George Washington have in the Seven Years' War? (5 points)
1. He negotiated the Treaty of Paris.
2. He was a leader in the British army.
3. He planned the final battles in Canada.
4. He secured an alliance with the Iroquois.
**2.** He was a leader in the British army.
155
# Module 02: Colonies at War
How were the French and Indian War and the Seven Years' War related? (5 points)
1. The French and Indian War caused the Seven Years' War because of attacks on English farmers.
2. The French and Indian War followed the Seven Years' War as an effect of unresolved issues.
3. The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that encompassed the French and Indian War.
4. The Seven Years' War was the North American branch of the French and Indian War.
**3.** The Seven Years' War was a global conflict that encompassed the French and Indian War.
156
# Module 02: Colonies at War
In *The Federalist Papers*, James Madison argued that (5 points)
1. the large size of the United States was a source of political stability
2. to be a republic, a country must be geographically small
3. church and state must be linked in order to encourage republican virtue
4. it was essential that slavery be abolished for liberty to flourish
**1.** the large size of the United States was a source of political stability
157
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Which of the following groups tended to be Anti-Federalists during the ratification debates? (5 points)
1. Rural residents closely tied to the commercial marketplace
2. Merchants engaged in foreign commerce
3. State politicians fearful of a strong central government
4. Urban artisans, laborers, and sailors
**3.** State politicians fearful of a strong central government****
158
# Module 02: Colonies at War
What ultimately happened with the Virginia and New Jersey Plans? (5 points)
1. Delegates agreed that the New Jersey Plan was superior.
2. Madison gave up on using any elements of the Virginia Plan.
3. Three different houses were added to the legislative branch.
4. A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.
**4.** A compromise was reached, employing ideas from both plans.
159
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"There are certain modes of governing the people which will succeed. There are others which will not. The idea of consolidation is abhorrent to the people of this country."
—William Grayson, 1788*
Which of the following is a true statement about this quote? (5 points)
1. It represents a Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.
2. It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.
3. It represents a Federalist viewpoint on the need for protection of individual liberties.
4. It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the need for protection of individual liberties.
**2.** It represents an Anti-Federalist viewpoint on the relative power of the central government.
160
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"To judge from the conduct of the opposite parties, we shall be led to conclude that they will mutually hope to evince the justness of their opinions, and to increase the number of their converts by the loudness of their declamations and the bitterness of their invectives. An enlightened zeal for the energy and efficiency of government will be stigmatized as the offspring of a temper fond of despotic power and hostile to the principles of liberty. An over-scrupulous jealousy of danger to the rights of the people, which is more commonly the fault of the head than of the heart, will be represented as mere pretense and artifice, the stale bait for popularity at the expense of the public good."*
—Alexander Hamilton, 1787
Which of the following accurately reflects the excerpt? (5 points)
1. Hamilton is an Anti-Federalist arguing that the Articles of Confederation merely need some amendments.
2. Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that the Constitution is necessary to quiet the radical elements in society.
3. Hamilton is an Anti-Federalist arguing that the Constitution endangers the individual liberties of citizens.
4. Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.
**4.** Hamilton is a Federalist arguing that those against the Constitution risk the survival of the new nation.
161
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Which of the following addressed the issue of counting enslaved persons in the population as part of determining representation in the national government? (5 points)
1. Great Compromise
2. Commerce Compromise
3. Presidential Compromise
4. Three-Fifths Compromise
**4.** Three-Fifths Compromise
162
# Module 02: Colonies at War
How did the Constitution of 1787 handle the issue of slavery? (5 points)
1. Despite protests from Southern delegates, the document permanently freed runaway slaves who made it to the North.
2. The Constitution declared that all territories of the United States would be "free soil" where slavery would not be permitted.
3. The Constitution provided for half of a state’s slave population to be counted in determining its membership in the House of Representatives.
4. Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.
**4.** Although never using the word "slavery," the document protected several aspects of the institution.
163
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Which of the following is not a reason slavery continued to be a divisive issue in the United States? (5 points)
1. Slave owners brought slaves further west into new territories, seeing them as property.
2. The Constitution delayed making provisions for ending slavery at a time it was growing.
3. Northern states threatened to not ratify the Constitution unless slavery was banned.
4. Early abolitionists and slave owners held different views of slavery and freedom.
**3.** Northern states threatened to not ratify the Constitution unless slavery was banned.
164
# Module 02: Colonies at War
After the Revolution, African Americans in the North (5 points)
1. often wound up in a state similar to that of indentured servitude
2. began fleeing to the South when they saw that the new states would not approve emancipation
3. benefited greatly from the popularity of manumission, or voluntary emancipation of slaves by whites
4. were unable to establish their own institutions because their numbers were too low
**1.** often wound up in a state similar to that of indentured servitude
165
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Apart from "liberty," ____________ was the word most used in the late 18th century in legal and political literature. (5 points)
1. tolerance
2. slavery
3. equality
4. suffrage
**2.** slavery
166
# Module 02: Colonies at War
With which two countries did the early United States have boundary disputes to settle? (5 points)
1. France and Great Britain
2. France and Mexico
3. Spain and Great Britain
4. Spain and Mexico
**3.** Spain and Great Britain
167
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Why did some Americans support aid for France during the French Revolution? (5 points)
1. They saw it as a way to insult Great Britain and solidify their own principles.
2. They saw it as an opportunity to develop a permanent alliance with France.
3. They saw it as important to prevent Great Britain's interference in the event.
4. They saw it as an obligation for France's support during their own revolution.
**4.** They saw it as an obligation for France's support during their own revolution.
168
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"[T]he common and continual mischiefs of the spirit of party ... agitates the community with ill-founded jealousies and false alarms, kindles the animosity of one part against another, foments occasionally riot and insurrection."*
—George Washington, from Farewell Address, 1796
What is George Washington warning the public against in this excerpt? (5 points)
1. Creation of a national bank
2. Alliances with foreign powers
3. Creation of political factions
4. Alliances with native tribes
**4.** Creation of political factions
169
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"[T]he spirit of party ... opens the door to foreign influence and corruption, which finds a facilitated access to the government itself through the channels of party passions. Thus the policy and the will of one country are subjected to the policy and will of another."*
—George Washington, from Farewell Address, 1796
What important idea does George Washington want Americans to recognize, as described in this excerpt? (5 points)
1. Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.
2. Creating an alliance with a foreign country is a commitment that never ends and can destroy the nation.
3. Factions are essential to the healthy development of liberty and republicanism and should be encouraged.
4. Creating an alliance with a foreign country or people helps secure one's own sovereignty and peace.
**1.** Factions divide a country so as to invite involvement from other countries that have their own agendas.
170
# Module 02: Colonies at War
What purpose did the Neutrality Act and Jay's Treaty have toward the relationship between the United States and Great Britain? (5 points)
1. The documents prevented a new outbreak of war.
2. The documents put to final rest all issues between the countries.
3. The documents harmed their relationship due to ties to France.
4. The documents outlined rules for trade agreements.
**1.** The documents prevented a new outbreak of war.
171
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is, to use it as sparingly as possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts, which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen, which we ourselves ought to bear."*
—George Washington, Farewell Address, from 1796
Which of the following domestic issues relates to this excerpt? (5 points)
1. Creation of the National Bank
2. Support for the French Revolution
3. Controversy over the Alien and Sedition Acts
4. Definition of the relationship with American Indians
**1.** Creation of the National Bank****
172
# Module 02: Colonies at War
*"As a very important source of strength and security, cherish public credit. One method of preserving it is, to use it as sparingly as possible; avoiding occasions of expense by cultivating peace, but remembering also that timely disbursements to prepare for danger frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel it; avoiding likewise the accumulation of debt, not only by shunning occasions of expense, but by vigorous exertions in time of peace to discharge the debts, which unavoidable wars may have occasioned, not ungenerously throwing upon posterity the burthen, which we ourselves ought to bear."*
—George Washington, Farewell Address, from 1796
Which of the following accurately reflects the excerpt? (5 points)
1. Washington was against the creation of a national bank.
2. Washington supported using credit only in times of war.
3. Washington thought states should handle their own debt.
4. Washington said all war should be avoided to avoid the cost.
**2.** Washington supported using credit only in times of war.
173
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Which statement best describes the position of the Jeffersonians, or Democratic-Republicans? (5 points)
1. They wanted to compensate American Indians for lost lands and establish a monarchy.
2. They wanted to return American Indian lands near the frontier and abolish the presidency.
3. They supported a national bank, a strong central government, and the prevention of internal dissent.
4. They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.
**4.** They were against a national bank, wanted stronger state governments, and encouraged debate.
174
# Module 02: Colonies at War
Which of the following was not a cause of conflict between American Indians and the new nation during Washington's presidency? (5 points)
1. Continued British military presence on frontier outposts
2. Disputes over land claims since the end of the revolution
3. Spanish control of navigation and trade along interior rivers
4. Lack of guidelines for their relationship in the Constitution
**3.** Spanish control of navigation and trade along interior rivers
175
# Module 02: Colonies at War
What was the significance of Pinckney's Treaty? (5 points)
1. It created a territory in an area still claimed by Great Britain.
2. It settled disputes with Great Britain over military outposts.
3. It created new conflicts with Spain over trade on the Mississippi River.
4. It settled border and trade disputes with Spain in North America.
**4.** It settled border and trade disputes with Spain in North America.
176
177
Describe the rise and fall of the Great Puritan Migration.
**1629 - 1642**
* led by John Winthrop
* to Massachusetts Bay
* End: **Oliver Cromwell** become Lord Protector of England after Civil Wars
* puritans won war
* no longer need for migration: freedom and religion in England
