Unit 07: 1890 - 1945

Question 1

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What caused economic growth in the Progressive Age? What did this result in?

Answer 1

Economic growth

Explosive economic growth

why?

• increased production
• rapid rise population
• continued expansion consumer marketplace

Result: Farms & cities grew together

The city

(1) focus politics & (2) new mass-consumer society
* * *

Urban inequality

Question 2

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Muchraking?

Answer 2

Cities and American values

= corporate greed undermined traditional american values

• social inequality

Muckraking

• called by Theodore Roosevelt
• Use of journalistic skills expose underside American life

Question 3

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was The Jungle (1906) and its effects?

Answer 3

description of unsanitary slaughterhouses and sale of rotten meat stirred public outrage

• caused Pure Food and Drug Act and Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Question 4

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the “New Immigration” of the Progressive Age? What caused this?

Answer 4

from southern and eastern Europe

• peak in Progressive Era
• • *

Why:

1. WW1 (Italy, Russia, Austro-Hungary)
2. Industrial expansion
3. Decline traditional argiculture

Question 5

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Why was immigration cut off between 1840-1914?

Answer 5

1. WW1
2. legislation

Question 6

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did immigrants view America as the “land of freedom?”

Answer 6

Image: US land freedom (equality, free worship, economic opportunity)

Motivation:

• want freedom
• some wanted free prosecution
• some make money then go back home

Question 7

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Describe immigrant communities in the Progressive Age:

Answer 7

close-knit “ethnic” neighborhoods

low wages, long hours, dangerous

Question 8

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did America become a mass-consumption society?

Answer 8

New meaning to American freedom

Progressive Era:

1. large downtown department stores, neighborhood chain stores, mail-order houses
2. amusement parks
3. 1910: lot of purchase options

Question 9

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What shift in production took place during the Progressive Age?

Answer 9

Shift from capital goods to consumer products

Question 10

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did Fordism develop and how did it exemplify new consumer society?

Answer 10

exemplified new consumer society

developed techniques of production and marketing brought within reach ordinary Americans

Ford Motor Company

1913: adopted production of MOVING ASSEMBLY LINE

• car frames brought on moving conveyor belts

1914: rased wages at factory to $5/day

• attacked skilled laborers

> Workers should be able to afford the goods

Fordism: economic system based on high wages and mass consumption

Question 11

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Why did the women’s suffrage movement peak in the Progressive Age?

Answer 11

New visibility: shoppers, entertainers

• Immigrants: low wage factory employment
• Natives: expanded opportunities

no longer confined to young, unmarried women

Question 12

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the “working woman?”

Answer 12

Symbol of female empowerment

Question 13

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

How did the Progressive women’s movement generate tention between generations?

Answer 13

battles between mothers and daughters

• young women spent meager wages on make-up and clothing
• saw curfews as restrictive

Question 14

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What did “feminism” mean in the Progressive movement?

Answer 14

word entered politics in progressive era

what:

1. female emancipation
2. attack traditional rules of sexual behavior

Question 15

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Emma Goldman’s contribution to the women’s movement?

Answer 15

toured country lecturing on subject from anarchism to homosexuality

right to birth-control

Question 16

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Margaret Sanger’s role in the women’s movement?

Answer 16

placed the birth-control movement at center of feminism

1. reproductive freedom = central female empowerment
2. discributed contraceptive devices to poor

Question 17

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the catalyst that motivated women reformers in the Progressive Era?

Answer 17

Catalyst: growing awareness of the plight poor immigrants and conditions of women and children

Question 18

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was Jane Addams’s role as a women reformer?

Answer 18

• most prominent female reformer

1889: founded Hull House

settlement house → improve lives immigratns

• built kindergardens and playgrounds
• educate people

Question 19

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Describe the woman’s suffrage movement? What was their main focus?

Answer 19

who: socialists, unionists, settlement-house workers

first time mass movement

how:

• new spirit of militancy
• effective advertisement
• parades, billboards, badges
• mostly unsuccessful (expensive)*
  result: focused attention securing national constitutional amendment giving right to vote

Question 20

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Materialist Reform movement, their beliefs, purpose, and supporters?

Answer 20

> reformers sought encourage women’s child-bearing and -rearing abilities and promote economic independence

purpose: government action improve living conditions of poor mothers and children

1. mothers’ pension

ideology:

• government should encourage women’s capacity child production & economic situation

supporters:

1. feminists
   * hoped laws subvert women’s dependence men*
2. conventional domestic roles supporters
   * strenghten traditional families*

Question 21

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

Muller v. Oregon (1908)

Answer 21

what: Louis D. Brandeis filed a brief citing scientific and sociological studies to demonstrate that because women had less strength and endurance than men, long hours of labor were dangerous for women, while women’s unique ability to bear children gave the government a legitimate interest in their working conditions

result: uphend constitutionality of Oregon law setting maximum working hours for women

Question 22

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was scientific mangement movement in the progress era?

Answer 22

Scientific Management: improve worker efficiency using measurements like “time and motion” studies to achieve greater productivity

Role of worker: obey detailed instructions of supervisors

skilled workers → erosion traditional influence = loss of freedom

Question 23

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the “Industrial freedom” ideology in the progressive era?

Answer 23

• center of “labor problem”

Progressive beliefs: increasing industrial freedom lay in empowering workers to participate in economic decision

unions = essential principle of freedom

Question 24

Chapter 18: Progressive Era

What was the Socialist Party and who was Eugene V. Debs?

Answer 24

Socialist Party

1901: founded

what:

1. free college education
2. legislation improve conditions of laborers
3. public ownership of railroads and factories

1912: large movement

arose from social exploitation of immigrants

lot of support from American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Eugene V. Debs

most important spreading socialist gospel

• jailed during Pullman Strike of 1894

preached control of economy by democratic government

Question 25

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the American Federation of Labor? (AFL)

Answer 25

* sought closer ties with forward-looking corporations Employers saw as intolerable Who: * most privileged Americans (skilled workers) * white, male, native-born

Question 26

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the (IWW) Industrial Workers of the World?

Answer 26

*Group of Unionists rejected AFL's exclusionary policies* * trade union & part advocate * mobilize those excluded by AFL

Question 27

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the Society of American Indians?

Answer 27

founded: **1911** * indian intellecuals * promote discussion plight of NA * hope public exposure result remedying injustice **Pan-Indian public space independent white control**

Question 28

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What caused worldwide progressivism?

Answer 28

strains arise industrialization and urban growth

Question 29

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What "Social Legislation" was instituted in Europe?

Answer 29

* pension * minimum wage * unemployment insurance * workplace safety

Question 30

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was "Effective Freedom?"

Answer 30

* wanted reinvigorate idea of activism > Traditional government posed threat to freedom > Effective freedom: "power to do specific things" * required government act behalf those little wealth or power

Question 31

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the philosophy of pragmatism and how did it lead to the failure of Social Darwinsim?

Answer 31

Philosophy: ***pragmatism*** > Institution and social policies must be judged by their concrete effects, not longevity or religious/political doctrine **Experience \> doctrine** Evaluating public policy * experimental approach to social problems Saw ***Social Darwinism*** as failure

Question 32

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What progressive reform did states and local government initiate?

Answer 32

1. reduced power political bosses 2. public control of "natural monopolies" (gas and water) 3. improved public transport 4. raised property tax 5. ballot initiative 6. referendum 7. recall election

Question 33

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the **Oregon System**?

Answer 33

**plan to restore grasroot democracy** * wanted weaken power political bosses _founder_: **Willim U'Ren** _what_: 1. **Initiate**: (direct legislation) enable citizens propose and vote directly on law 2. **Referendum**: popular vote on public policies 3. **Recall**: removal public officials by popular vote * * * _Result_: * won women's vote in state * Initiative system = out of control

Question 34

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era How did the "civil harmony" idelogy originate and whta was it?

Answer 34

hoped reinvigorate democracy restoring political power to citizenry alarmed violent class conflict

Question 35

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the Seventeenth Amendment (1913)?

Answer 35

**Seventeenth Amendment** (**1913**) > *provided US senators chosen popular vote rather than state legislatures* * * * Furthermore: 1. popular election of judges primary elections among party members 2. enfranchising women

Question 36

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era How did disenfranchisement of blacks in the south happen in the progressive era?

Answer 36

Most striking: **disenfranchisement of blacks in south** 1. literacy tests (disenfrachise poor) Progressive view: "fitness" of voters (not numbers) defined functioning democracy * government intelligent control over soceity through impartical experts

Question 37

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era How did Theodore Roosevelt become president?

Answer 37

**1901**: William McKinley assassinated Teddy = youngest president alive

Question 38

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was Teddy's Square Deal?

Answer 38

**"Square Deal"** > Confront problems caused economic consolidation by distinguishing between "good" and "bad" corporations * US Steel & Standard Oil - good * Bad: greedy financiers * * * Plan: prosecute Northern Securities Company under **[Sherman Antitrust Act](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-16-aa463118249d453bb9a6d38b7a6361c6)** why: monopolized transport **1904**: SC dissolved

Question 39

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was Teddy's regulations after his reelection in 1904?

Answer 39

**1904**: reelected → pushed more direct federal regulations * strengthen Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) **1906**: **_Hepburn Act_** * ICC power examine railroad business * set reasonable rates * * * **1906**: **_Pure Food and Drug Act_** regulate manufacturing food and medicine

Question 40

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the Conservation Movement?

Answer 40

**1890s**: Congress authorized withdraw "forest reserves" from economic development * restriction economic for greater social good* * * * Concerted federal policy during Teddy 1. milllion acres set aside wildlife preservation 2. national parks

Question 41

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was the **Sixteenth Amendment** (1913)?

Answer 41

**Sixteenth Amendment** (**1913**) *enact graduated income tax* Result: * modernization federal government * reliable and flexible source of revenue for national state

Question 42

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What caused a rift in the progressive movement?

Answer 42

**Richard A. Ballinger**: (Roosevelt exceed authority with forests reserves) place in public domain * accused colluding business interests * **1910**: Taft fired him * **1912**: Roosevelt challenged Taft republican nomination failed → **Progressive Party**

Question 43

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era How did Teddy Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson's ideologies compare?

Answer 43

**Teddy ideology** * * * * saw Wilson as a bygone* ***"New Nationalism"*** 1. control and direct power of government 2. "restore liberty of oppressed" what: heavy taxes **Wilson ideology** * * * * democracy reinvigorated restoring market competition and freeing government domination of businesses * feared big government and big corporations ***"New Freedom"*** 1. strengthen antitrust laws 2. protect worker rights 3. encourage small businesses

Question 44

# Chapter 18: Progressive Era What was Roosevelt's Americanism?

Answer 44

**{1}** immigrants = Americanize (*not retain own cultures)* **{2}** Fitness of Citizenship: * inborn and relates past experiences * slaves and descendants - not assimulate * (mainly whites) capacity for self control

Question 45

What were 5 of Woodrow Wilson's policies?

Answer 45

1. **Underwood Tariff** * reduced duties on imports * graduated income tax 2. **Clayton Act of 1914** * exempted labor unions from antitrust laws * barred counts injunctions curtailing right to strike 3. (**1916**) **Keating-Owen Act** * outlawing child labor 4. **Adamson Act** * 8-h work week 5. **Warehouse Act** * credit to farmers stored crops deferally licensed warehouses

Question 46

# Chapter 19: WW1 CHAPTER 19

Question 47

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the American International policy before the first WW?

Answer 47

* special rights oversee since **Monroe Doctrine** (**1823**) * control surrounding islands

Question 48

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was Roosevelt Corollary?

Answer 48

> *(**1904**) corollary Monroe Doctrine: US intervene militarily to prevent interference from European Powers* * "international police power" Known as ***Dollar Dipomacy*** * spread of American influence through loans and economic investment

Question 49

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was Woodrow Wilson's International policy? (Moral Imperialism)

Answer 49

Woodrow Wilson international policy * brought missionary zeal to presidency Foreign Policy: *respect Latin American independence and free from foreign economic downturn* ***Moral Imperialism*** 1. more military interventions LA (before or since) 2. Underscored **paradox modern American history**: *presidents spoke most about freedom intervened most*

Question 50

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did Wilson intervene in Mexican policts between 1900 and 1915?

Answer 50

**1911**: overthrew dictator **1913**: **Victoriano Huerta** took power result: * civil war * American troops land Vera Cruz prevent arrival weapons for Huerta **1914**: Huerta fled *more civil war and turmoil* Warning: *difficult use American might reorder international affiars*

Question 51

# Chapter 19: WW1 Who were the major players in WW1?

Answer 51

Allies: 1. Britain 2. France 3. Russia 4. Japan Central Powers: 1. Germany 2. Autria-Hungary 3. Ottoman Empire

Question 52

# Chapter 19: WW1 How was American alianced divided in WW1?

Answer 52

*Sided with Britain:* 1. British-Americans 2. Americans → saw GB as democracy *Sided with Germany* 1. German-Americans 2. Irish-Americans

Question 53

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did the American stance in relation to WW1 change from neutrality to predaredness?

Answer 53

**1914**: Wilson proclaim **_American neutrality_** * * * * British naval blockade of Germany → stop American merchant vessels Germany lachned submarine warfare against ships in British ports **May 1915**: sank British ship = had American on result: 1. outraged American public 2. Wilson pro-Britian **1915**: **_National Defense Act_** *Policy of Preparedness* (*in case of intervantion)*

Question 54

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Zimmerman Telegram and how did it influence American involveness in WW1?

Answer 54

**March 1917**: message Germany sent Mexico join in coming war agianst states → take back land lost in Mexican-American War * intercepted by British **April 02**: declaration of war

Question 55

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Fourteen Points (1918)?

Answer 55

**Fourteen Points**: (**1918**) > plan for peace after WW1 * assure country war was moral * freedom of seas * free trade * open democracy *established peace conference after War*

Question 56

# Chapter 19: WW1 Did the progressives support the War and how did they think about civil liberties?

Answer 56

support mostly supported war saw as an opportunity of social reform _Thoughts on civil liberties:_ **not major concern** of Progressives National state: 1. an embodiment of democratic purpose 2. freedom flowed participation in life of society (not uprise)

Question 57

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did the national state increase their power in American's lives?

Answer 57

*similar to during the Civil War and Adams's presidency* National state: unprecedented power & increased power in American's lives * * * **May 1917**: **_Selective Service Act_** > Required millions to be drafted

Question 58

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did the government regulate industry in WW1?

Answer 58

regulate transport, labor and agriculture **War Industries Board:** planned production and allocated war material 1. standardized specifications **Railroad Administration:** control transportation **War Labor Board**: represent government, industry, American Federation of Labor 1. rose labor 2. bettered working conditions

Question 59

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did the US government try to mobilize public opition in WW1?

Answer 59

_Civil War_: left up to private angencies _WW1_: too important leave up to private sector * some opposed participation IWW, Socialist Pary * * * Created **Committee on Public Information** (CPI) * war propaganda * expand democracy

Question 60

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was Jeannette Rankin's role?

Answer 60

* first women in Congress * voted against declaration of war * also against war on Japan and Vietnam* * pacifist

Question 61

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Nineteenth Amendment (1920)?

Answer 61

> Barred states from using sex qualification for suffrage

Question 62

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was prohibition and why did it come into effect?

Answer 62

_Why_? War resulted impose to engage energies of women in Progressive era _What_? National Success during war _Why_: 1. create more diciplined labor force 2. more orderly city environment 3. protect wives and children 4. way imposing "American" values **1917**: **Eighteenth Amendment** > Prohibiting manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor * ratified 1919 * effect in 1920

Question 63

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Eighteenth Amendment (1917)?

Answer 63

**1917**: **Eighteenth Amendment** > Prohibiting manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor * ratified 1919 * effect in 1920

Question 64

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did the national government regulate and restirct free speech in WW1?

Answer 64

*comparable with Civil War (John Adams) and McCarthy era* First time since [Alien Act and Sedition Act](https://www.notion.so/Chapter-Eight-812a1a4b2fda474ab65764fabbdf182a) (**1798**) **Espionage Act**: (**1917**) > Prohibiting spying and interfering with draft and "false statements" that might impede military success **Sedition Act**: (**1918**) > Crime make spoken or printed statements intended condenm government

Question 65

# Chapter 19: WW1 What constituted at "partriotism" in WW1?

Answer 65

Equal support for _government_, _war_, American _economy_ system

Question 66

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was Eugenics?

Answer 66

***Eugenics***: studied alleged mental characteristics of different groups of people gave rise air scientific expertise in anti-immigration sentiment * obsessed with racial "purity" _movement_: 1. discouraged "wrong" racial pedigree having children 2. sponsored eugenics fair

Question 67

# Chapter 19: WW1 1927: ***Buck v. Bell***

Answer 67

_what_: Indiana passed law authorized sterilize insane and dumb inmates in mental institutes \> not pass on defective genes _SC_: upheat constitutionality of laws

Question 68

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the "demand for Americanization" and why did the sentiment arise?

Answer 68

Nationalization = heightened awareness ethnical and racial difference demanded Americanization > Creation more homogeneous national culture

Question 69

# Chapter 19: WW1 Describe anti-german setiment in WW1?

Answer 69

Thriving ethical institutions = **target pro-war organizations** 1. restricting teaching foreign language 2. Demands immigration restrictions

Question 70

# Chapter 19: WW1 What mexican segregation took place in WW1?

Answer 70

Increased in Southwest: *due to demand for labor on mines* Segregation: 1. literacy tests 2. own schools and classrooms 3. lynching (*not as common)*

Question 71

# Chapter 19: WW1 What restrictions were on Asian-Americans? What was the Gentleman's Agreement 1907?

Answer 71

**1906**: San Francisco: confines Asian single public school * Japanese government protest **1907**: **Gentleman's Agreement of 1907** * Teddy > Japan agreed end migration US

Question 72

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did the progressive movement include blacks?

Answer 72

**Excluded all Progressive definition of freedom** * barred joining unions * little access "industrial freedom" * not participate consumer economy

Question 73

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was Roosevelt and Wilson's views on blacks?

Answer 73

**_Roosevelt_**: 1. blacks in federal office 2. dined with blacks **1906**: small group of blacks shots in Texas result: dishonorable discharge 3 black comanies * * * **_Wilson_**: 1. racial segreation in federal departments 2. dismissed black employees

Question 74

# Chapter 19: WW1 Who was W.E.B. Du Bois?

Answer 74

effort reconcile contradictions between American freedom for whites and subjugation of blacks "talented teeth" blacks (educated) must use education and trailing to challenge inequality

Question 75

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was Booker T. Washington's role in the black protest movement?

Answer 75

* typical progressive **1905**: meeting at Niagara Falls organized **Niagara Movement** * reinvigorate abolitionist traditions * * * also organized **National Association for the Advancement of Colored People** * NAACP long struggle enforcement of 14th and 15th Amendment **1911**: ***Bailey v. Alabama*** > SC overturned southern "peonage" laws make it crime for sharecroppers break labor contracts

Question 76

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the "Great Migration" in the progressive era?

Answer 76

_why_ 1. wartime production 2. drastic falloff immigration from Europe Result: **millions jobs for blacks** _what_ **large-scale migration of southern blacks during and after WWI to the North** _Motivations_: * higher wages * opportunities for education * escape lynching * prospect of right to vote _Result_: * severe restrictions on employment opportunities * outbreaks of violence

Question 77

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Tulsa Roit?

Answer 77

Tulsa Roit (1921) → worst race roit in American History

Question 78

# Chapter 19: WW1 What were the 4 problems in America in 1919?

Answer 78

1. Flu Epidemic 2. racial violence 3. Bombs exploded homes of prominent Americans 4. 4 million workers striked * met with mobilization of employers, government, and private patriotic organizations* **1919 Steel Strike** * inspired wartime rhethoric of economic democracy and freedom * won 8-hour day * response: appealed anti-immigrant sentiment = return to work propoganda campaign = strikers seen as communists

Question 79

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Red Scare of 1919 and 1920?

Answer 79

_Inspiration_: *postwar strike wave & social tension and fear of Russian Revolution* * Fear of communism, socialism, and anarchy stretched across the home front during WWI _what_: raided offices of radical organizations (**Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer**) * 5000 arrested * deportations _result:_ seen as abuse of civil liberties planted seeds new **appreciation of importance of civil liberties**

Question 80

# Chapter 19: WW1 What was the Treaty of Versailles (1919)?

Answer 80

Wilson's Fourteen Points = **Versailles Treaty** Achieve Wilson's Points: 1. League of nations 2. Applied principle of self-determination to eastern Europe * * * return Home; * Americans not want to join League of Nations * Senate rejected Versailles Treaty

Question 81

# Chapter 19: WW1 How did Wilson's rhetoric of "self-determination" reverberate globally?

Answer 81

rhetoric of ***self-determination*** reverberated globally * believed colonial people no able of independence * * * Others thoughts: 1. Egypt wanted independence Britain 2. Beijing 3. Japan posed include in charter of League of Nations - clause recognizing equality of all people, regardless of race * * * British and French = "Self-Determination" *not interested in applying to empires*

Question 82

What were the failures of the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 82

1. protests in colonies 2. anti-Western nationalism in Middle East and Asia * Vietnam War (Ho Chi Minh) 3. German resentment over treaty help bring about Nazism

Question 83

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) CHAPTER 20

Question 84

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did Calvin Coolidge become president?

Answer 84

Warren G. Harding died heart attack

Question 85

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did industrial growth take place after WW1?

Answer 85

1. never more close ties between business and government 2. productivity and economic output 3. adopted Henry Ford's assembly line

Question 86

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did multinational corporations rise during the 1920s?

Answer 86

Europe still recover Great War → American investment overseas exceeded of other countries

Question 87

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did consumer goods proliferate during the 1920s?

Answer 87

* marketed by salesmen * ability to purchase credit *

Question 88

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What leisure activities did Americans partake in?

Answer 88

1. Sports 2. Movies 3. vacations

Question 89

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the fruits of increased production in the 1920s result in unequal distribution of wealth?

Answer 89

1. Wages increased; corporate profits increased by double 2. Handful companies dominated economic sector * small auto companies outproduced by General Motors and Ford

Question 90

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did increased productivity result in chronic unemployment in the 1930s?

Answer 90

Increaed productivity meant less workers were needed _result_: chronic unemployment caused by deindustrailization

Question 91

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) When was the "golden age" of American Farming and why?

Answer 91

Peak during WW1 *need to feed war-torn Europe* * Government maintained high prices and raised incomes of farmers * promoted land purchase on credit Additional (even when government subsidies ended) 1. mechanization 2. increaed use fertilizer and insecticides

Question 92

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What happened when the price of farm products fell and income declined in the 1920s?

Answer 92

banks foreclosed 1000s farms needed migrate out of rural areas (California)

Question 93

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the result of mechanization of farming?

Answer 93

Increased scale of argiculture _resulted_: "factory farmers" (large farms could afford mechanization)

Question 94

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the rise of the stock market?

Answer 94

1920s steadily rising prices of stocks front page *assumed value will increase forever*

Question 95

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the "welfare capitalism" of the 1920s?

Answer 95

* new style management * provided private pensions, medical insurance, job security Welfare capitalism: **more socially conscious buiness & more attention "human factor" in employment**

Question 96

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did employers in the 1920s embrace the American plan and try to defeat strikers? How did labor unions combat this?

Answer 96

American Plan: "workspace free government regulations and unions" * employed detectives prevent and defeat strikers labor organizations: * doomed to defeat * few in decade * combatted local politicians, courts, businesses

Question 97

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What debate over teh Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) arose in competing conceptions of woman's freedom? What was the result?

Answer 97

Equal Rights Amendment: **elimination all legal distrinction on account of sex** _Proponents_: logical step after the right to vote * women not require special legal protection * needed: equal accesss and opportuity _Opposition_ (*supporters mother's pension and limiting women's work hours)* * ament previous achievements* * represented gaint step backwards _Result_: * not rattified

Question 98

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was Robert and Helen Lynd's *Middletown* (1929) about?

Answer 98

* study life in typical community in heartland * lew leisure activities * new emphasis **consumerism replaced politics focus of public concern**

Question 99

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What contributed to the falling voter participation after WW1?

Answer 99

1. consolidtion one-party politics in South 2. Shift from public to private concerns

Question 100

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How was the pro-business ethos reflected in Republican politics in the 1920s? how did the Cooling and Harding ministration respond?

Answer 100

Business lobbied conventions * wanted lower income taxes and profits * wanted high tariffs * wanted support against unions Coolidge and Harding: supported _resullt_: **laissez-faire jurisprudence eclipsed Progressive idea of socially active national state** 1. courts struck down federal laws barred goods produced by children 2. overturn minimum wage for women

Question 101

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the 1920s eclipse the ideology of progressivism?

Answer 101

laissez-faire jurisprudence eclipsed Progressive idea of socially active national state

Question 102

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did foreign affairs reflect the close relationship between business and government? How did it mark a retreat from Wilson's goal of internationalism of military and diplomatic persuits?

Answer 102

Replace Wilson's view: **isolationism** *represented reaction against disappointing results Wilson plan* in favor for a unilateral American action mainly to increase exports and trade.

Question 103

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the Fordney-McCumber Tarif of 1922 and how did it further break down Wilson's legacy?

Answer 103

**_Fordney-McCumber Tarif of 1922_**: raised taxes in imports - highest in history * repudiation of Wilson's principle of free trade

Question 104

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the Americans intervene with Nicaragua after the Great War?

Answer 104

Returned troops try to suppress nationalist revolt leader assassinated by Sandino and seized power (45 year rule)

Question 105

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What illustrated to the progressives that national power could go wrong and what way their response?

Answer 105

1. wartime and postwar repression 2. Prohibition 3. pro-business polcies New appreciation **civil Liberties as essential to American freedom** * 1920s birth coherent concept civil liberties

Question 106

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the "Lost of Generation?"

Answer 106

* conservatism of American politcs and materialism of culture * immigration to Europe (especially Paris) * felt Europe valued art and culture

Question 107

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)?

Answer 107

_inspiration_: arrest antiwar dissenters = ACLU _what_: * most landmark cases to bring about *"rights revolution"* * give meaning "freedom of speech" *

Question 108

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) Describe the Supreme Court's view on Civil liberties during and prior to WW1?

Answer 108

**Nothing protect rights unpopular minorities** * supported Espionage and Sedition Act * ***Schencj v. US***: upheld conviction Eugene V. Debs for condemning war

Question 109

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the Courts view of civil liberties begin to change in the 1920s?

Answer 109

Judicial foundation for civil liberties born

Question 110

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did evangelical protestants respond to increaed ethinical pluralism mass entertainment, and liberated sexual rules?

Answer 110

Threatened 1. decline traditional values 2. increased visibilities of Catholicsim and Judaism 3. "modernists" who sought integrate science and religion _Result_: fundamentalists campaign to rid Protestant denominations of modernism and combat individual freedoms

Question 111

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Question 112

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) Who was the most flamboyant apostle of the fundamentalist movement?

Answer 112

***Billy Sunday*** * revivalist preacher * huge crowds * theatrical preaching style & denouncing sins

Question 113

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) Describe the enforcement of prohibition:

Answer 113

selective enforcement 1. Wealthy: enjoy access liquor 2. Poor, blacks, and immigratns - large scale arrests * led building new federal prison system

Question 114

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How was Prohibition a dividing issue?

Answer 114

Questions about local rights and inidividual freedom Divided Democratic Party: 1. "wet" and "dry" wings 2. internal battle

Question 115

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the Scopes Trail in 1925? How did it reflect the division between traditional values and secularism?

Answer 115

John Scopes - Tennessee public school - arrested _teaching Charles Darwin's theory_ of evolution Reflected tension between 2 American definitions of freedom: 1. Fundamentalist Christians: idea "moral" liberty & religious beliefs 2. secularists _Result_: jury found guilty, overturned decision on technology

Question 116

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What caused the rise of the resurgence of the KKK?

Answer 116

Reborn in Atlanta in 1915 after the lynching of Leo Frank who_: white, native-born Protestants_

Question 117

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the second KKK compare to the original Klan of the Reconstruction?

Answer 117

1. First: * South * only attacked blacks 1. Second: * parts of North and West * attacked blacks and immigratns

Question 118

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What fundamental change in immigration policy took place in the 1920s?

Answer 118

_Before WW1_: all whites come into US can become a citizen _During 1920s_: * **1921**: temporary measure restrict immigration from Europe * **1924**: permanently limited European immigration Illegal Alien: *category established by immigration act that reffers to immigrants crossed US borders _(mostly eastern Europeans, Mexicans, Canadian)_* 1. border patrol

Question 119

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What "race policy" became common in 1920s?

Answer 119

* agreed by South and North * wanted to improve "quality" of democratic citizenship & employ scientific method to public policy

Question 120

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) Why did immigrant groups assert the validity of cultural diversity as the essence of American freedom? How did they approach this?

Answer 120

_motivation_: 1. immigration restriction 2. Prohibition 3. revived Ku Klux Klan 4. anti-Semitism and anti-Catholicism **Cultural diversity and toleration of difference as essence of American freedom** * claimed to be "ethnic" Americans with equal share in nation's life * embrace "American priniciples"

Question 121

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Question 122

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) ***Meyer v. Nebraska*** (1923)

Answer 122

expanded freedom all immigrant groups * equal liberty * right marry, establish house, bring up childern (interpretation of Fourteenth Amendment) **The decisions gave pluralism a constitutional foundation.**

Question 123

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did harlem become the center for "Slumming?"

Answer 123

*Mecca for blacks during Great Migration* Whites to to halls and clubs in search exotic, primative adventures

Question 124

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What did the term "New Negro" mean?

Answer 124

associated in politics with pan-Africansim and militancy of Garvey movement

Question 125

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was the Harlem Renaissance?

Answer 125

Cultural movement in the 1920s where writers and artistic expressions became common in the black community (art, jazz, peotry, performance)

Question 126

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) Who was Herbert Hoover?

Answer 126

* Iowa * furtune as mining engineer * Internationan fame after coordinating overseas food relief * called self Progressive *

Question 127

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What day did the stock market crash causing the Great Depression? What happened?

Answer 127

October 29, 1929; "**Black Tuesday**" * $10 billion shares vanished in 5 hours * result: GREAT DEPRESSION

Question 128

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What caused the Great Depression?

Answer 128

1. Stock Market Crash 2. real-estate speculation and bursts 3. banks failing 4. land remaining undeveloped 5. morgage forclosed 6. Unequal distribution of income 7. Prolonged depression onf farm regions 8. Stagnation from consumer and European buyers (*industry recovered after wartime)*

Question 129

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the global financial system handel the stock crash?

Answer 129

ill equipted 1. Germany defauled reparations 2. (due to lack of Germany payments) France and Britian not repay American debts 3. banks failed (millions families lost savings)

Question 130

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the Depression reverse geographical movement?

Answer 130

Reversed movement from farms to cities * left cities grow food for families * deurbanization

Question 131

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the Great Depression cause the collapse of the image of big businesses?

Answer 131

1. Sold worthless bonds 2. undoaded portfolios while advertising investors maintain holdings 3. convicted stealing from customers

Question 132

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did the American public react to the Great Depression?

Answer 132

1. blamed selves 2. (or) unions and socialist organizations: spontaneous and uncoordinated 3. Communist Party best response

Question 133

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) How did president Herbert Hoover view the Great Depression?

Answer 133

saw as inadequate and uncaring _people influenced management:_ 1. told economic downturn normal 2. businesses opposed federal aid _misakes:_ unaware how important consumer spending became to economy

Question 134

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s) What was Hoover's response?

Answer 134

1. Opposed direct federal invervention 2. committed "associational action" * attempted restore public confidence → made his seen out of touch * **_Smoot-Hawley Tariff_**: (raised tariffs) worsened depression * **_Reconstruction Finance Corporation_** (loaned money failing banks and other compannies) * approve public-work projects

Question 135

# Chapter 20: The Great Depression (1920s)

Question 136

What new American Freedom emerged as result of the depression?

Answer 136

1. Progressive belief in socially conscious state 2. Respect civil liberites and cultural pluralism

Question 137

How did the progressive movement see the voting process? Pros and cons:

Answer 137

Expand democracy in voting process at all levels of government However... weakened voting power immigrants

Question 138

How did progressives expand the voter base and how did the south unermine it?

Answer 138

Exanpanded right to vote for women * South disenfranchised blacks and poor whites

Question 139

# 06.01 The Progressives Question refers to the excerpt below. *"Women work longer and harder than most men. ... A truer spirit is the increasing desire of young girls to be independent ... and the growing objection of countless wives to the pitiful asking for money, to the beggary of their position. More and more do fathers give their daughters, and husbands their wives, a definite allowance,—a separate bank account,—something ... all their own."—Charlotte Perkins Gilman, 1898* Which of the following Progressive Era developments does this excerpt most directly support? (5 points) 1. Calls for temperance reform 2. Expansion of settlement houses 3. Decreasing reliance on child labor 4. Increasing women in the workforce

Answer 139

**4.** Increasing women in the workforce

Question 140

# 06.01 The Progressives Question refers to the excerpt below. *"What this country needs above everything else is a body of laws which will look after the men who are on the make rather than the men who are already made."—Woodrow Wilson, from his "New Freedom" speech, 1913* **For which of the following is Wilson advocating protection laws, according to the above excerpt? (5 points)** 1. Workers 2. Consumers 3. Lower tariffs 4. Good monopolies

Answer 140

**1.** Workers

Question 141

# 06.01 The Progressives Question refers to the excerpt below. *"There is no tainted money that smells so rank as the money made by the sale of tainted meat. ... Insurance frauds, Standard Oil secret rates, and railroad graft and discriminations, are simply forms of theft. The sale of diseased meat is nothing less than wholesale murder."—from an editorial in The Wall Street Journal, 1906* **Which of the following Progressive Era developments does this excerpt support? (5 points)** 1. Northern Securities Co. v. United States 2. Muller v. Oregon 3. Pure Food and Drug Act 4. Clayton Antitrust Act

Answer 141

**3.** Pure Food and Drug Act

Question 142

# 06.01 The Progressives Why would a historian consider the "maternalist reforms" an ironic or peculiar aspect of the Progressive Era? (5 points) 1. They made settlement houses, which primarily served women and children in poverty, seem discriminatory to modern eyes. 2. They were necessary because new developments in the labor industry, including the forming of new unions, excluded women. 3. They sought legislation that would improve the lives of women and children, though these improvements came at the expense of limiting the rights of men. 4. They introduced gender bias into state laws, limiting women's economic independence at a time when women sought the right to vote.

Answer 142

**4.** They introduced gender bias into state laws, limiting women's economic independence at a time when women sought the right to vote.

Question 143

# 06.01 The Progressives Question refers to the excerpt below. *"The absence of effective state, and, especially, national, restraint upon unfair money getting has tended to create a small class of enormously wealthy and economically powerful men, whose chief object is to hold and increase their power."—Theodore Roosevelt, from his "New Nationalism" speech, 1910* **What did Roosevelt advocate as a solution to the problem he highlights in this excerpt? (5 points)** 1. A laissez-faire approach to the financial industry 2. Federal legislation to regulate business practices 3. The end of government privileges for growth 4. Seeking assistance of the courts at all levels

Answer 143

**2.** Federal legislation to regulate business practices

Question 144

# 06.01 The Progressives How was the Clayton Act related to the Sherman Act? (5 points) 1. It undermined the Sherman Act by prohibiting federal regulation of businesses. 2. It supported the Sherman Act by expanding powers of oversight and enforcement. 3. It threatened the Sherman Act by granting permission for some corporate mergers. 4. It reinforced the Sherman Act by outlining protections for employees of corporations.

Answer 144

**2.** It supported the Sherman Act by expanding powers of oversight and enforcement.

Question 145

# 06.01 The Progressives Question refers to the excerpt below. *"The conditions shown by even this short inspection to exist in the Chicago stock yards are revolting. It is imperatively necessary in the interest of health and of decency that they should be radically changed. Under the existing law it is wholly impossible to secure satisfactory results. When my attention was first directed to this matter an investigation was made under the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Department of Agriculture."—President Roosevelt, from a cover letter to the Neill-Reynolds Report, June 4, 1906* **What was the main impetus for investigations like the one for which this report was generated? (5 points)** 1. A negative account of food-processing facilities written by a muckraker 2. Medical reports of foodborne illnesses contracted by meatpackers 3. A complaint of unsanitary conditions made by a food industry union 4. Public outcry related to the poor health of military personnel

Answer 145

**1.** A negative account of food-processing facilities written by a muckraker

Question 146

# 06.01 The Progressives How did Wilson's and Roosevelt's platforms differ in the 1912 election? (5 points) 1. Roosevelt did not address social issues, while Wilson planned to expand laws for workers and women. 2. Roosevelt wanted to increase business regulation, while Wilson focused on strengthening the banking system. 3. Roosevelt argued for breaking up all monopolies, while Wilson distinguished that there were good monopolies. 4. Roosevelt planned to lower taxes on imports, while Wilson wanted to increase them and include more products.

Answer 146

**2.** Roosevelt wanted to increase business regulation, while Wilson focused on strengthening the banking system.

Question 147

Which of the following best characterizes the Progressive Era? (5 points) 1. Increasing spending to help the poor 2. Decreasing spending to help the poor 3. Expanding the role of government 4. Restricting the role of government

Answer 147

**3.** Expanding the role of government

Question 148

# 06.03 The Great War Which of the following ideas about President Woodrow Wilson does this 1916 cartoon support? (5 points) 1. He was looking for an excuse to enter the Great War. 2. He wanted to keep the nation out of the Great War. 3. He was hoping to influence without fighting the war. 4. He wanted to declare war to improve the military

Answer 148

**2.** He wanted to keep the nation out of the Great War

Question 149

# 06.03 The Great War How did this event eventually lead to U.S. involvement in World War I? (5 points) 1. The United States was allied with Austria and had to act to defend it. 2. The secret U.S. alliance with various European countries required action. 3. The Austrian royal victim was a beloved figure in the American media. 4. The alliances of Austria included Germany, which attacked U.S. interests

Answer 149

**4.** The alliances of Austria included Germany, which attacked U.S. interests

Question 150

# 06.03 The Great War What idea does this 1918 poster use most to achieve its goal? (5 points) 1. That Americans needed to support the war effort, or Germans would end up invading the United States 2. That Britain and France were able to confine German dominance to mainland Europe 3. That Britain and France were unable to stop the advance of the Triple Entente without American help 4. That Americans at home who secretly supported Germany were the real enemy

Answer 150

**1.** That Americans needed to support the war effort, or Germans would end up invading the United States

Question 151

# 06.03 The Great War Question refers to the excerpt below. *"I venture, therefore, my fellow countrymen, to speak a solemn word of warning to you against that deepest, most subtle, most essential breach of neutrality which may spring out of partisanship, out of passionately taking sides. The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in thought, as well as action, must put a curb upon our sentiments, as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another."—President Woodrow Wilson, from a message to Congress, 1914* **Which of the following events had the greatest influence on changing Wilson's position from 1914? (5 points)** 1. Sussex Pledge 2. Fourteen Points 3. Zimmerman Note 4. Russian Revolution

Answer 151

**3.** Zimmerman Note

Question 152

# 06.03 The Great War *"America from a military point-of-view means nothing, and again nothing, and for a third time nothing."—From a high-ranking German official, 1917* **What development may have changed this perspective by the end of 1918? (5 points)** 1. The majority of the military served under French or British forces by order of the U.S. Congress. 2. The Espionage Act led the U.S. Army to find key information that changed the outcome of the war. 3. The U.S. Congress declared war though the military did not have a significant participation in combat. 4. The Selective Service Act increased the size and strength of the U.S. military.

Answer 152

**4.** The Selective Service Act increased the size and strength of the U.S. military

Question 153

# 06.03 The Great War Why did events like the sinking of the Lusitania and discovery of the Zimmerman Note start to change American public opinion on World War I? (5 points) 1. Americans had been largely neutral, but attacks and threats against civilians, trade, and territory gave credence to the preparedness movement. 2. Most Americans supported the preparedness movement and the expansion of the armed forces until the death tolls began a steady rise. 3. These events killed or threatened Americans and led most to call for an even deeper isolationism that would stop international trade. 4. Despite neutrality, Americans had great sympathy for both sides of the war until these events ended virtually any support for Germany.

Answer 153

**1.** Americans had been largely neutral, but attacks and threats against civilians, trade, and territory gave credence to the preparedness movement

Question 154

# 06.03 The Great War *"I am proposing that all nations henceforth avoid entangling alliances which would draw them into competitions of power, catch them in a net of intrigue and selfish rivalry, and disturb their own affairs with influences intruded from without. There is no entangling alliance in a concert of power. When all unite to act in the same sense and with the same purpose, all act in the common interest and are free to live their own lives under a common protection."—President Woodrow Wilson, from a speech to the Senate, January 1917* **How did senators like Henry Cabot Lodge react to this idea of President Wilson's? (5 points)** 1. They supported entry into the war to end the military part but without a role in peace. 2. They only agreed with the first portion and continued to argue against entering the war. 3. They did not agree that joining an international organization was compatible with isolation. 4. They initially supported the idea of an international organization in order to promote peace.

Answer 154

**3.** They did not agree that joining an international organization was compatible with isolation.

Question 155

# 06.03 The Great War How did the Espionage Act of 1917 reflect social conditions in the United States? (5 points) 1. People believed European spies lived and worked in the United States, so training and sending spies elsewhere was an act of defense. 2. Migration was high from Europe, and many people were concerned that those sympathetic to Germany or its cause could be spies. 3. Americans were very intolerant at this time of any speech or action that expressed disapproval of or disloyalty toward the government. 4. The cities were crowded and entry unregulated, so fear of criminals and other dangerous individuals was at an all-time high.

Answer 155

**2.** Migration was high from Europe, and many people were concerned that those sympathetic to Germany or its cause could be spies

Question 156

Which of the following is true about the United States after World War I? (5 points) 1. It was a leader in creating a peace organization and defining rules for international diplomacy. 2. It remained a key player in promoting peace while advocating increasing military strength. 3. It returned to isolationism, avoiding any interaction with other nations beyond negotiating trade. 4. It was mostly isolationist but did intervene in limited places and sought peace on its own terms

Answer 156

**4.** It was mostly isolationist but did intervene in limited places and sought peace on its own terms

Question 157

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation What disillusionment occured after World War 1?

Answer 157

1. suffer mental physical scars 2. question should have joined war? _Result:_ * joined activist organizations * enjoyed economic boom

Question 158

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation

Question 159

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation What was the Bisbee Deportation

Answer 159

_Cause:_ * mexicans other migrants demand better working conditions * Strike (*rumered started communists)* _Result_: * armed forces put people on train and deported them * denied food and water for hours _Wilsons respond:_ * commission investigate * left final decision to Arizon → did nothing *event set the stage for ambiguous federal and state laws involving the treatment of migrant workers and future actions against suspected radicals*

Question 160

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation Domestic labor unrest and the Russian Revolution led to what period in U.S. history? (5 points) 1. The Roaring Twenties 2. The Red Scare 3. The Gilded Age 4. The Great Depression

Answer 160

The Red Scare

Question 161

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation The man in this image is holding a knife labelled "Bolshevism" and wearing a hat that says "Reds." How does this political cartoon relate to life in the United States following WWI? (5 points) 1. The image is showing how Asians would have to illegally enter the United States as a result of increased immigration restrictions. 2. The image is reflecting the belief many Americans held about the subversive nature of Russian immigrants during the Red Scare. 3. The image is demonstrating the fear that old immigrants had regarding social acceptance when they first arrived in the United States. 4. The image is highlighting many Americans' concerns about unrestricted immigration from the Western Hemisphere, especially Mexico.

Answer 161

**2.** The image is reflecting the belief many Americans held about the subversive nature of Russian immigrants during the Red Scare

Question 162

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation The Bisbee Deportation was a reaction to (5 points) 1. labor protests and anti-radical sentiment 2. illegal immigration and bank failures 3. poor working conditions and low wages 4. unionization and crop failures

Answer 162

**1.** labor protests and anti-radical sentiment

Question 163

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation "*Numerical Limitations*. *Sec. 11. (a) The annual quota of any nationality shall be 2 per centum of the number of foreign-born individuals of such nationality resident in continental United States as determined by the United States census of 1890, but the minimum quota of any nationality shall be 100."—From a U.S. law, 1924* **What factors led to the passing of policies such as the one in the excerpt? (5 points)** 1. Rising xenophobia and a desire for a more homogenous society 2. The need for immigrants to provide cheap factory labor 3. Increasing unionization in cities with large immigrant populations 4. The lack of adequate housing and sanitation in growing cities

Answer 163

**1.** Rising xenophobia and a desire for a more homogenous society

Question 164

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation Though Congress passed legislation to restrict immigration in the early 1920s, one border was left relatively open. Which border was this, and why? (5 points) 1. The Canadian border was left open because Canada and the United States had recently signed a treaty to restore peace in the North American region. 2. The East Coast was left open because of business agreements with Eastern European countries, which brought money to the United States. 3. The Mexican border was left open because labor coming from Mexico was particularly cheap, and many agricultural workers were needed. 4. The West Coast was left open because Asian immigrants had recently been allowed to enter the United States following a long period of exclusion.

Answer 164

**3.** The Mexican border was left open because labor coming from Mexico was particularly cheap, and many agricultural workers were needed

Question 165

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation The Immigration Act of 1924 resulted in (5 points) 1. increased immigration from Asia and Mexico 2. increased immigration from Eastern and Central Europe 3. decreased immigration from Asia and Southern Europe 4. decreased immigration from Mexico and Eastern Europe

Answer 165

**3.** decreased immigration from Asia and Southern Europe

Question 166

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation Which labor organization would an immigrant factory worker most likely join in the 1900s and 1910s? (5 points) 1. American Federation of Laborers 2. Congress of Industrial Organizations 3. United Industrial Labor Workers 4. Industrial Workers of the World

Answer 166

**4.** Industrial Workers of the World

Question 167

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation In the 1930s, many Americans experienced a change in their lifestyles. What was this change, and what precipitated it? (5 points) 1. During the 1930s, many Americans migrated around the country seeking work because of the financial losses of the Great Depression and the destruction during the Dust Bowl. 2. During the 1930s, many Americans moved to Northern cities, creating the first metropolis in the United States, as a direct result of stricter immigration laws and labor reform. 3. During the 1930s, many Americans rebelled against the United States government to demand fewer restrictions on unions because of poor working conditions. 4. During the 1930s, many Americans achieved a higher standard of living due to increased wages, the availability of household appliances, and the use of credit.

Answer 167

**1.** During the 1930s, many Americans migrated around the country seeking work because of the financial losses of the Great Depression and the destruction during the Dust Bowl

Question 168

# 06.05 Migration and Deportation What was a cause of the event that led to the headlines in the image? (5 points) 1. Farmers left their fields untended to move to cities and work in factories. 2. Mechanized farm equipment led to soil erosion. 3. Irrigation systems placed by agricultural corporations caused water shortages. 4. Pesticides killed prairie grasses, causing loose topsoil

Answer 168

**2.** Mechanized farm equipment led to soil erosion

Question 169

Which of the following is true about the treatment of migrant workers from Mexico? (5 points) 1. Mexican workers were welcomed in the 1920s because of the abundance of factory jobs, and many obtained citizenship in the 1930s. 2. Mexican workers were refused entry in the 1920s due to strict immigration laws, but they were welcomed in the 1930s. 3. Mexican workers were offered agricultural jobs in the 1920s, but many were deported in the 1930s due to increased nativist sentiment. 4. Mexican workers were not legally allowed to enter the United States during the 1920s and 1930s due to immigration restrictions.

Answer 169

**3.** Mexican workers were offered agricultural jobs in the 1920s, but many were deported in the 1930s due to increased nativist sentiment

Question 170

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Chapter 21: **The New Deal** (1932-1940)

Question 171

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What were the vague content of the "new deal" Roosevelt campaigned on in 1932?

Answer 171

1. balanced federal budget 2. critisized excess government spending 3. Freedom of economic security

Question 172

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What caused Roosevelt to declare "bank holiday" in 1993? What was it?

Answer 172

* bank funds in stocks lost value and panicked depositors * suspended majority of states * people not access money *Temporarily halted all bank operations & passed the **Emergency Banking Act*** *(provided funds shore up threatened institutions)*

Question 173

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the Emergence Banking Act (1933) and Grass-Steagall Act transform the American financial system?

Answer 173

* **Emergency Banking Act**: funds shore up threatened institutions * The Emergency Banking Act was a federal law passed in 1933. Signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt (D) on March 9, 1933, the act granted the president, the comptroller of the currency, and the secretary of the treasury broader regulatory authority over the nation's banking system. * **Glass-Steagall Act**: barred commercial banks from becomin involved in the buying and selling of stocks Effect: * (1) Law prevented many irresponsible practices that contributed stock market crash* * (2) rescued financial system and increased governmental power*

Question 174

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What happened during first Hundred Days of Roosevelt's presidency?

Answer 174

* Rapid passage laws * hoped promote economic recovery (from Great Depresion) * New agencies * NRA, AAA, CCC * National Industrial Recovery Act * National Recovery Administration

Question 175

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the government combat unemployment in the 1930s?

Answer 175

* created **Federal Emergency Relief Administration** * (preffered) temporary jobs * *combat unemployment* * *providing national infrastructure* * **Civilian Conservation Corps** (CCC) (set unemployed men work projects like forest preesrvation, flood control, improvement national parks)

Question 176

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the **Public Works Administration**? What was the long term effects?

Answer 176

* construction of highways, tunnels, courthouses, airports * created class of American permanently dependent on government jobs

Question 177

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the **Tennessee Valley Authority** (TVA)?

Answer 177

built a series of dams to prevent floods and deforestation

Question 178

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the **Agricultural Adjustment Act** (AAA)?

Answer 178

*address disastous plight of American farmers* * set production quotas for major crops * pay farmers plant less raise farm prices

Question 179

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did Roosevelt address the Depression devistating effects on the American housing industry?

Answer 179

* "security of the home" as fundamental right * moved protect home owners from foreclosure and stimulate new construction * *Home Owners Loan Corporation* and *Federal Housing Administration* * built thousands units low-rent housing

Question 180

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the **21st Amendment**?

Answer 180

Repealed Prohibition

Question 181

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the effects of the "First New Deal?"

Answer 181

Some worked and others did not 1. transformed role federal government 2. constructed numerous public facilities 3. provided relief to millions Americans 4. rescued millions of Americans from Depression

Question 182

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Describe the nature of the Supreme Court in the 1930s and how it influenced policies.

Answer 182

* Controlled conservative judges * 19th century understanding freedoms * liberty of contracts result: **invalidate New Deal laws** * failed end Depression → ground to halt*

Question 183

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) ***United States v. Butler*** (1936)

Answer 183

declared unconsitutional exercise of congressional power over local economic activities

Question 184

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the most striking development of the mid-1930s?

Answer 184

Mobilization of million of workers in mass-production industries resisted unionization ## Footnote ***"Labor's Great Upheaval"***

Question 185

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the government respond to the "Labor's great upheaval?"

Answer 185

*On the side of the laborers*

Question 186

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Describe the nature of American factories at the outset of the New Deal.

Answer 186

* miniature dictatorships * unions rare, workers beaten and fired

Question 187

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the New Deal change workers demands?

Answer 187

* wanted end employer's powers * basic civil liberties * right to picket, distribute literature, meet discuss grievances * **union recognition**

Question 188

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Describe the Labor's great upheaval explosion in 1934.

Answer 188

* 2000 strikes * violent confrontations

Question 189

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did labor upheavals poased a challenge to the American Federation of Labor's traditional policy?

Answer 189

* traditional policy: oganize workers by craft rather than by industry * 1935: creation of unions of industrial workers

Question 190

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the Congress of Industrial Organizations (and John L. Lewis)?

Answer 190

* led a walout produced new labor organization (CIO) * secure economic freedom

Question 191

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the **UAW's sit-down strike** (December 1936)?

Answer 191

* effective tactic * General motors * halted production → agreed negotiate UAW

Question 192

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the labor upsurge alter the balance of economic power?

Answer 192

Balance of economic power and propelled forefront politics labor's goald of a fairer, freer, more equal America 1. economic and social insecurity 2. public housing 3. universal health care 4. unemployment and old age

Question 193

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did relgious organization utilize mass media?

Answer 193

Used it to spread their beliefs * (ironically) anti-modernists took advantage modern communication to communicate anti-modernist opinions

Question 194

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) When was the Second New Deal?

Answer 194

launced in 1935

Question 195

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the first and second New Deal compare?

Answer 195

**First**: focused economic recovery **Second**: economic security

Question 196

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the government try to bring about economic security?

Answer 196

* attack weak demand and economic inequality * Congress levied highly publicized tax large fortune and corporate profits * Rural Electrification Agency (REA) * bring electric power to homes lacked it * farmers received federal assistance in reducing soil loss

Question 197

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the Second New Deal fail?

Answer 197

*Not arrest trend towards larger farms and fewer farmers*

Question 198

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the Works Progress Administration (WPA)?

Answer 198

* established Roosevelt (1934 ) * hired 3 million Americans * contructed thousands public stuff * compared previous work relief programs: hired white-collar workers as well * set 100s artists to work * decorating public buildings * writers to produce local histories

Question 199

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the Wagner Act (SND)?

Answer 199

*Established National Labor Relations Board and faciliated unionization by regulating employment and bargaining practices*

Question 200

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How was the **Social Security Act of 1935** the centerpiece of the SND?

Answer 200

*Created Social Security System with provisions for retirement, unemployment, disability, public assistance.* * Roosevelt conviction: national government responsible ensure material well-being * system unemployment insurance Ideas originated: 1. Progressives of 1912 2. European coutries had it

Question 201

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How was the American welfare-state lacking?

Answer 201

* decentralized (lower levels spending and fewer citizens) * excluded many unmarried women and non-whites

Question 202

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the Social Security represented a dramatic departure from the traditional functions of government?

Answer 202

Transformed relationship between citizens and government * _before_: *whether* government should intervene economy * _after_: *how* should the government intervene

Question 203

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did Roosevelt mobilize America?

Answer 203

Radio: * harnessed radio's power * "fireside chats" 2/3 Americans listen to Appeal Traditional Values in support new policies: * "liberalism" a modern meaning * employ large, active, socially conscious state * reclaimed word 'freedom" = New Deal

Question 204

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was Roosevelt's Court packing plan? What was the response?

Answer 204

* replace SC justices over 70 new ones (majority old) * why: change balance of power to insure Second New Deal Rejected & inspired *"about-face"* by judges: * Court willing support policies * marked permanent change in judicial policy

Question 205

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What happened to the Second New Deal with the economic downturns in 1937?

Answer 205

* 1936: reduced federal funding and subsidies = disasterous * Unemployment rose by 20%

Question 206

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was *The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money* by John Maynard Keynes (1936)?

Answer 206

* Government spending essential sustain purchasing power and stimulate economy * even during budget deficits ## Footnote *result Keynesian Economics*

Question 207

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the New Deal incorporate women into society?

Answer 207

1. increase women's visibility in national politics 2. organized feminism disappeared political force 3. Not exclude women from benefits (with the exception of CCC) 4. most women undercovered

Question 208

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did Roosevelt's symbolic representation of the federal government get undermined by the South?

Answer 208

* _Roosevelt_: symbolic representation of "the people" (biracial and multi-ethnic) * _South_: * shaped New Deal welfare state into a white entitlement * dems political monopoly & Congress * resulted in exclusion of argicultural and domestic workers (largest category of blacks) *

Question 209

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the Depression effect women in the workforce?

Answer 209

* unemployment → call for women to remove themselves from workforce * depression hit industry hardest: propotion of women in workforce rose

Question 210

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the "southern veto" affect blacks in relation to welfare?

Answer 210

* every low benefits * authorized states to determine eligibility standards * "moral" behavior * widespread discrimination * stigma of dependency of government handouts

Question 211

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the **Indian New Deal**?

Answer 211

* Ended forces assimilation → cultural autonomy * increased spending Indian health * Indian _Recognization Act of 1934_ * end policy dividing Indian land into smaller plots for individual families and selling rest ## Footnote *most radical shift in Indian policy in nation's history*

Question 212

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How were Mexican-Americans effected by the Depression?

Answer 212

* encouraged to leave the US

Question 213

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was "Last Hired, First Fired?"

Answer 213

* unemployment rate blacks double that of whites * competition for positions (waiter, porter) whites thought previously were beneath them

Question 214

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did Roosevelt appraoch civil liberty and black rights?

Answer 214

* little personal interest * employed Mary McLeod Bethume: special advisor on minority affiars * other blacks in federal positions *

Question 215

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the 1930s represent a shift in black voting patterns?

Answer 215

* (North) abandoned allegiance to Lincoln's party in favor for the dems

Question 216

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How were federal housing policy influenced by segeration?

Answer 216

* insisted housing built be racially segregated * barred furture sales to non-whites

Question 217

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Describe the increased influence of the "left" in the mid-1930s.

Answer 217

* increased influence caused by Depression *

Question 218

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was the Popular Fron movement in the 1930s and why did the Communists have an increase appeal in the Depression?

Answer 218

Appeal: * involvement unemployment demonstrations * movement black civil rights Popular Front: * *communist party want to ally with New Dealers and Socialist* * reform capitalism rather than revolutionize it

Question 219

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Describe the Popular Front culture.

Answer 219

* artists depict life of ordinary farms and city dwellers

Question 220

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) How did the Popular Front movement promote racial tolerance?

Answer 220

* condemned racism as incompatible with true Americansim * Helped with Scottsboro case (*9 blacks convicted raping 2 white women = overturned verdict that blacks can be excluded from juries)* * brought blacks into labor movement * education campaigns for blacks

Question 221

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What was "un-American?"

Answer 221

* 1938: House Representatives established committee * investigate disloyals * “un-American” included communists, labor radicals, and the left of the Democratic Party, * its hearings led to the dismissal of dozens of federal employees on charges of subversion

Question 222

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) Why did the South cause the New Deal to decline?

Answer 222

At odds with Roosevelt's policies * feared continuing federal intervention = encourage unionization and upset racial relations *

Question 223

# Chapter 21: The New Deal (1932-1940) What were the failures of the New Deal?

Answer 223

1. restricted in scope and modest in cost 2. not address problem of racial inequality

Question 224

What were the successes of the New Deal?

Answer 224

1. expanded role federal government 2. Independent force in relations between industry and labor 3. Transformed environment * hydroelectric dams * reforestation * rural electrificatoin 4. Restored faith in democracy 5. Improved economic conditions

Question 225

# 07.06 Module Seven Why were banks the focus of attention early in the First New Deal? (7 points) 1. The banks had been overlending to people and businesses, causing ripple effects throughout the economy when they could not pay out deposits or collect on loans. 2. The banks and their employees were the only groups thriving in the midst of the economic downturn and were seen as scapegoats for the widespread suffering of average people. 3. The banks themselves had caused the stock market crash by withdrawing their investments all at once on the advice of government officials and economic analysts. 4. The banks were seen as to blame for the economic downturn because throughout the previous decade they had strict and limited lending policies that stifled growth.

Answer 225

1. The banks had been overlending to people and businesses, causing ripple effects throughout the economy when they could not pay out deposits or collect on loans.

Question 226

# 07.06 Module Seven The establishment of a bank holiday is an example of which goal of New Deal legislation? (6 points) 1. Relief 2. Recovery 3. Reform 4. Reduction

Answer 226

1. Relief

Question 227

# 07.06 Module Seven Which of the following movements or ideas does FDR's New Deal program best reflect? (7 points) 1. Conservatism 2. Communism 3. Populism 4. Progressivism

Answer 227

**4.** Progressivism

Question 228

# 07.06 Module Seven **Question refers to the excerpt below.** * "Wholly apart from that question, another principle embedded in our Constitution prohibits the enforcement of the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The act invades the reserved rights of the states. It is a statutory plan to regulate and control agricultural production, a matter beyond the powers delegated to the federal government. The tax, the appropriation of the funds raised, and the direction for their disbursement are but parts of the plan. They are but means to an unconstitutional end.* * From the accepted doctrine that the United States is a government of delegated powers, it follows that those not expressly granted, or reasonably to be implied from such as are conferred, are reserved to the states, or to the people. ... None to regulate agricultural production is given, and therefore legislation by Congress for that purpose is forbidden."—Justice Roberts, from the majority opinion in United States v. Butler, 1936* How did conservatives in Congress and the Supreme Court react to New Deal policies? (7 points) 1. The Supreme Court upheld the New Deal programs that Congressional conservatives introduced and supported. 2. Congressional conservatives pushed for constitutional amendments that would prevent the Court from blocking New Deal programs. 3. Congressional conservatives and the Supreme Court both worked to limit the scope of New Deal programs. 4. Congressional conservatives supported an increase the number of justices to stop New Deal programs from being declared unconstitutional.

Answer 228

**3.** Congressional conservatives and the Supreme Court both worked to limit the scope of New Deal programs.

Question 229

# 07.06 Module Seven Which explains how Roosevelt modeled his New Deal programs after Progressive reforms? (7 points) 1. He designed programs that kept government interference in the economy at a minimum and allowed consumers to grow businesses. 2. He designed programs that strictly regulated big businesses and kept industries from monopolistic influences. 3. He designed programs that considered the interests of wealthy citizens over the interests of impoverished citizens living in the United States. 4. He designed programs that sought to protect against bank failure and economic insecurity and preserve freedom of choice and inventiveness in business.

Answer 229

**4.** He designed programs that sought to protect against bank failure and economic insecurity and preserve freedom of choice and inventiveness in business

Question 230

# 07.06 Module Seven What event prompted the U.S. military to become fully involved in World War II? (6 points) 1. Britain's declaration of war against Germany 2. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor 3. Germany's invasion of Poland 4. The Soviet Union's annexation of Eastern European nations

Answer 230

2. Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor

Question 231

# 07.06 Module Seven How did the U.S. government react to the bombing of Pearl harbor in the photograph? (7 points) 1. It gave up a position of neutrality and issued a declaration of war. 2. It immediately retaliated with the use of atomic weapons. 3. It became indirectly involved in the worldwide conflict. 4. It requested military and financial support from its allies.

Answer 231

**1.** It gave up a position of neutrality and issued a declaration of war

Question 232

# 07.06 Module Seven Why were posters of this kind produced during World War II? (7 points) 1. To generate public support for the war effort 2. To demonstrate that victory was certain 3. To show the troops that the public valued their sacrifices 4. To entertain people during a difficult time for the nation

Answer 232

**1.** To generate public support for the war effort

Question 233

# 07.06 Module Seven Why was the Battle of the Coral Sea significant for the Allies? (6 points) 1. It destroyed the Japanese navy's carrier fleet. 2. It re-opened American trade with Europe. 3. It kept the Soviet Union out of the war in the Pacific. 4. It showed the strength of aircraft carriers in battle.

Answer 233

**4.** It showed the strength of aircraft carriers in battle

Question 234

# 07.06 Module Seven Which statement explains why Congress authorized arms sales to any nation that could pay in cash and arrange transportation? (6 points) 1. To help the United States build up its wartime production capabilities 2. To ensure that naval warfare would not affect the American shipping industry 3. To allow U.S. trade to continue during wartime without drawing the nation into war 4. To give the United States control over arms build-ups in Europe and Asia

Answer 234

**3.** To allow U.S. trade to continue during wartime without drawing the nation into war

Question 235

# 07.06 Module Seven **Question refers to the excerpt below.** *"We call upon the government of Japan to proclaim now the unconditional surrender of all Japanese armed forces, and, to provide proper and adequate assurances of their good faith in such action. The alternative is prompt and utter destruction."—From the Potsdam Declaration, July 1945* What does this statement indicate about the use of the atomic bomb in World War II? (7 points) 1. Allied leaders did not expect the use of atomic weapons to end the war. 2. The leaders of Great Britain and the Soviet Union supported dropping the bomb. 3. Great Britain and the Soviet Union had also developed atomic weapons. 4. The Allies did not ask the Japanese government to surrender before dropping the bomb

Answer 235

The leaders of Great Britain and the Soviet Union supported dropping the bomb. 2

Question 236

How did the prevalence of destruction in Europe affect the United States following World War II? (7 points) 1. The United States did not have to spend time and money rebuilding, which gave it an economic advantage over war-ravaged nations. 2. The United States gave financial support to European nations after the war, causing the American nation to go into debt and decreasing its industrial output. 3. The United States was prevented from having a say in the restructuring of European boundaries, reducing its political influence in the world. 4. The United States took control of damaged factories, rebuilding them and selling them to American and foreign companies at a large profit.

Answer 236

1. The United States did not have to spend time and money rebuilding, which gave it an economic advantage over war-ravaged nations